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Zn0 films deposited onto InP substrates by using sputtering has been studied. Several sputtering parameters including RF power, substrate temperature and oxygen content have been investigated to get a better Zn0 thin films. The suitable ratio of oxygen and argon makes an important role in getting high guality films. 20% oxygen content is the best one for sputtered Zn0 films. Froiïi SIIV1 measurements and the ?tching patterns, a fine dense grain structure with a smooth interface and fine growth pattern can be obtained.

A current-based security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) is presented in this paper and an Enhanced Particle Swarm Pptimization (EPSO) is developed to solve the non-convex optimal power flow problem. The SCOPF can be divided into three steps involving security analysis, severest event selection, and a preventive algorithm. Firstly, novel security analysis is conducted before a fault occurs in the system using the current-based power flow technique. Secondly, a ranking method is used to highlight the most severe events caused by a specific facility. Finally, a preventive algorithm makes use of the contingency information, and can maintain the operator system security, avoiding congestion when a fault occurs. In addition, this method not only enhances the neighborhood search, but also searches for the optimum solution quickly to advance the convergence.