OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether menopausal state, body composition and lifestyle factors in¯uence total and regional bone mineral density in overweight Japanese women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of women who were recruited to the weight reduction program held at community-based health promotion center in Tokyo area. Subjects: A total of 178 women with a mean age of 48 y old (20 ± 69 y) with a clear menstrual history and BMI over 24. MEASUREMENTS: Total, regional and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured using DXA (Lunar). Menstrual history was taken by a questionnaire and walking steps per day and energy intake were measured. Physical ®tness was assessed by cardio-respiratory ®tness and leg extension power. Subjects were divided into pre-menopausal and post-menopausal groups. RESULTS: Pre-menopausal group had signi®cantly higher total body BMD as well as regional BMD than post-menopausal group. However, no differences in BMI, percentage fat and fat mass (FM) were seen between the two groups. The multiple regression analysis stepwise method revealed that total and regional BMD correlated with menopausal state and total FM independently. Total and regional BMD did not correlated with total non-fat soft tissue mass (NFSM), energy intake, walking steps or physical ®tness levels. Trunk and lower extremities BMD correlated with corresponding regional FM and NFSM, and upper extremities BMD correlated with only corresponding body part NFSM after adjusting menopausal state. CONCLUSION: Total and regional BMD had strong negative correlation with menopausal state rather than total FM in overweight Japanese women. Weight-bearing site BMD correlated with corresponding body part FM and NFSM and non-weight bearing site BMD only correlated with corresponding body part NFSM after adjusting for menopausal state.

We study the dynamics of diabetes in a population based on the etiology of the disease. In carrying out the study, we proposed that; a population generate non-diabetic non susceptible sub-population, and a non-diabetic susceptible sub-population, the non-diabetic susceptible sub-population can further generate a population of diabetics without complication, who can later transit to a population with diabetic complications. Based on the etiology dynamics, we proposed control measures at the point of transition from the population to non-diabetic susceptible population, and at the point of transition from diabetes without complications to diabetes with complications. For this study, we intend to look at the control measure. In this regard, we proposed a mathematical model for the dynamics of diabetes by incorporating a control parameter h, so as to investigate how to control diabetes in a population. The result of the study suggested that; we need to control the incidence of diabetes, I(t), and improve the control measure, h, for transition from diabetes without complication to diabetes with complication. Thus entailing going further in research to; Look into the dynamics of the genetics of transmission of the diabetic gene, to investigate how to reduce the spread (and hence the incidence I(t)) of diabetes, and to also look into the influence of the control factor h, on the dynamics of glucose metabolism, this will give an insight on how to manage diabetic patients.

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