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We report the results of a mechanistic study of energy localization in a HMX (High Melting point eXplosive octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,2,3,5-tetrazocine)=Estane PBX system during dynamic loading. The focus is on the thermal-mechanical response over the strain rate range of 10 4-10 5 s À1 under different confinement conditions. A recently developed cohesive finite element method is used to track and analyze the contributions to heating from different constituents, interfaces, deformation and fracture mechanisms, and internal friction. In particular, energy dissipations due to viscoelastic deformation, grain fracture, interfacial debonding, and friction along crack faces are quantified as functions of time and overall deformation. The materials analyzed have HMX volume fractions between 0.69 and 0.82. Calculations show that variation in strain rate can significantly affect the spatial distribution but not the overall number of hot spots. Higher confining stresses lead to more intense heating in the binder and more uniform distribution of hot spots. The evolution of hot spots is quantified as a function of loading condition, deformation and microstructural attributes. The microstructure-response relations obtained can be used to assess the initiation sensitivity of energetic composites.

A criterion for the ignition of granular explosives (GXs) and polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) under shock and non-shock loading is developed. The formulation is based on integration of a quantification of the distributions of the sizes and locations of hotspots in loading events using a cohesive finite element method (CFEM) developed recently and the characterization by Tarver et al. [C. M. Tarver et al., "Critical conditions for impact-and shock-induced hot spots in solid explosives," J. Phys. Chem. 100, 5794-5799 (1996)] of the critical size-temperature threshold of hotspots required for chemical ignition of solid explosives. The criterion, along with the CFEM capability to quantify the thermal-mechanical behavior of GXs and PBXs, allows the critical impact velocity for ignition, time to ignition, and critical input energy at ignition to be determined as functions of material composition, microstructure, and loading conditions. The applicability of the relation between the critical input energy (E) and impact velocity of James [H. R. James, "An extension to the critical energy criterion used to predict shock initiation thresholds," Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech. 21, 8-13 (1996)] for shock loading is examined, leading to a modified interpretation, which is sensitive to microstructure and loading condition. As an application, numerical studies are undertaken to evaluate the ignition threshold of granular high melting point eXplosive, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,2,3,5-tetrazocine (HMX) and HMX/Estane PBX under loading with impact velocities up to 350 ms À1 and strain rates up to 10 5 s À1. Results show that, for the GX, the time to criticality (t c) is strongly influenced by initial porosity, but is insensitive to grain size. Analyses also lead to a quantification of the differences between the responses of the GXs and PBXs in terms of critical impact velocity for ignition, time to ignition, and critical input energy at ignition. Since the framework permits explicit tracking of the influences of microstructure, loading, and mechanical constraints, the calculations also show the effects of stress wave reflection and confinement condition on the ignition behaviors of GXs and PBXs.

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