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While multiple DNase activities occur in the excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of the adult Haemonchus contortus, the DNase activities in ESPs of the infective larvae (L3) have not been studied. Thus, the DNase activities in ESPs of H. contortus L3 were investigated and compared to those of adults for developmental stage-specific analysis. The DNase activities had relative molecular masses (M rs) of 34 and 36 kDa upon zymographic analysis at pH 5.0 and 7.0 when the larvae were incubated for over 48 h. The 34 and 36 kDa DNases of L3 ESPs were also detected in adult ESPs with similar characteristics. However, the 37 and 38.5 kDa DNases of the adult ESPs were not detected in the L3 ESPs. Since the 37 and 38.5 kDa DNase activities were mainly detected in adult ESPs, these activities appear to be specific to the adult stage whereas the other ESP DNase activities appear to be expressed during multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle. While the difference in DNase activities of L3 and adults remains obscure, the role of DNase in larval development should be further clarified and the identification of stage-specific developmental markers will lead to the discovery of specific factors that stimulate larval development.

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We proposed a new algorithm for detection of first(S1) and second heart sound(S2). Many researches for detecting primary components and those algorithms have good performance at normal heart sound, but the performance is degraded at abnormal heart sound which is contain murmurs generated by heart disease. Therefore we proposed the S1, S2 detection algorithm using three-order Shannon energy difference. Using S1, S2's character which has large energy difference than murmurs, it is reduced noise and detected S1, S2. According to simulation results, not only normal heart sound but also abnormal heart sound, the proposed algorithm has better performance than former study at abnormal heart sound.