Children are susceptible to allergic rhinitis (caused by external allergens) accompanied by functional gastrointestinal disease, which seriously affects physical and mental health. Antihistamines and nasal spray hormones are commonly used in clinical treatment, but these drugs often have unsatisfactory efficacy and result in high recurrence rates. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis with functional gastrointestinal disease and seeking safer treatment and prevention methods is essential. Herein, molecular ecology and immunoassays were used to analyze correlations between pediatric allergic rhinitis with functional gastrointestinal disease and both the intestinal microbiota and gastrointestinal peptide levels. Fifty healthy children (healthy group) and 80 children with allergic rhinitis with functional gastrointestinal disease (case group: evenly divided into a control group (conventional drug therapy) and an intervention group (conventional drug therapy + glutamine+probiotics)), were enrolled. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus counts and the gastrin and motilin levels were lower in the case group than in the healthy group, whereas Enterobacter, yeast, and Enterococcus counts and the somatostatin, serotonin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels were higher. Post treatment, intestinal microbiota indices, gastrointestinal peptide levels, and intestinal barrier function were better in the intervention group than in the control group ( p < 0.05). The intervention group had a significantly higher total therapeutic response rate (95.00%) than the control group (77.50%). The intestinal microbiota was closely associated with gastrointestinal peptide levels. Treatment with glutamine and probiotics regulated these levels, re-established balance in the intestinal microbiota, and restored intestinal barrier function.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Allergic rhinitis (AR) is identified as a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of genes and surroundings, which is difficult to cure. MicroRNAs were reported to be engaged in AR development. Here, we aimed to seek the anti-inflammatory effects and regulatory mechanism of <i>miR-193b-3p</i> in AR. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Mucosal tissues from AR patients and healthy volunteers were collected, and human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were treated with IL-13 to establish a cell model of AR. The gene expression of <i>miR-193b-3p</i>, ETS1, TLR4, GM-CSF, <i>eotaxin</i>, and MUC5AC was determined by RT-qPCR. The protein levels of ETS1 and TLR4 were examined using Western blot. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure protein concentration of GM-CSF, eotaxin, and MUC5AC in cell supernatant. Dual luciferase assay was applied to verify the interaction among <i>miR-193b-3p</i>, ETS1, and <i>TLR4</i>. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The expression of m<i>iR-193b-3p</i> was declined in clinical samples from AR patients and in IL-13-induced HNECs, while the mRNA and protein levels of ETS1 and TLR4 were elevated. <i>MiR-193b-3p</i> overexpression or ETS1 silencing notably decreased the mRNA and protein levels of GM-CSF, eotaxin, and MUC5AC in IL-13-treated HNECs. Mechanistically, <i>miR-193b-3p</i> directly combined with <i>ETS1</i> to silence <i>ETS1</i> expression. ETS1 promoted the transcriptional activity of <i>TLR4</i> through interacting with <i>TLR4</i> promoter. Furthermore, rescue experiments revealed that ETS1 overexpression abolished <i>miR-193b-3p</i> sufficiency-mediated suppression of the mRNA and protein levels of GM-CSF, eotaxin, and MUC5AC in IL-13-treated HNECs. Similarly, TLR4 overexpression compromised the inhibitory impacts of ETS1 downregulation on the mRNA and protein levels of GM-CSF, eotaxin, and MUC5AC in IL-13-induced HNECs. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> <i>MiR-193b-3p</i> repressed IL-13-induced inflammatory response in HNECs by suppressing <i>ETS1</i>/<i>TLR4</i> axis, which indicated that <i>miR-193b-3p</i> might be a therapeutic target for AR treatment.

Objective: To discuss the therapeutic methods for laryngeal papillomas in children.Methods: 52 children with laryngeal papillomas were randomly divided into three groups; all of them received surgery first. Group one (18cases) was given α-interferon treatment after operation; Group two (17cases) was given throat pharynx local injections of mealses vaccine and intramuscular α-interferon; Group Three (17cases) was taken pidotimod (Cell immunity regulator) and measles vaccine injection (same to group two). Postoperative periodic review of them was done regularly. Result:The recurrence rate reach to 77.8% after three month of surgery. 17 patients with recurrent problem received several times of operations during three years of follow-up. The recurrence rate of Group two and Group three postoperative three months are 17.6% and 25.5%, postoperative one year are 41.8% and 41.7%. There was significant difference in the recurrence rate between Group two and three with Group one after three months of surgery. But no significant difference found in the same term of reoccurrence between Group two and Group three after three month or half year of surgery.Conclusion: α-interferon, measles vaccine and pidotimod can regulate the immunity. The Systemic application immunity regulator combines with throat pharynx local injections of mealses vaccine,which can reduce the recurrent rate of laryngeal papillomas, prolong the recurrent time, reduce operation, and improve the children's life quality.