Rapid detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal-based food and feed has long been the goal of regulators and manufacturers. As non-destructive approaches, infrared (IR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic techniques have been used for the prediction and classification of contaminated single-kernel and ground grain without any DON extraction steps. These methods, however, are hindered by the intense and broad spectral bands attributed to naturally occurring moisture. Raman spectroscopy could be an alternative to IR and NIR due to its insensitivity to water and fewer overlapped bands. This study explored the feasibility of the Raman technique for rapid and non-destructive screening of DON-contaminated wheat and barley meal. The advantages of this technique include the use of a 1064-nm NIR excitation laser that reduces interference from fluorescence of biological compounds in wheat and barley, the use of a simple intensity-intensity algorithm at two unique frequencies, plus the technique's ease of sample preparation. The results indicate that the simple algorithm, as well as principal component analysis applied to the Raman spectra, can be used to classify low from high DON grain.
We describe a MEMS-on-CMOS microsystem to encage, culture, and monitor cells. The system was designed to perform long-term measurements on arrays of single electrically active cells. A MEMS process flow was developed for the fabrication of closeable microvials to contain each cell, a custom bio-amplifier CMOS chip was designed, fabricated, and tested, and the fabrication of the MEMS structures on this chip was demonstrated. In addition, bovine aortic smooth muscle cells were plated on the surface, and over the course of a week they adhered, formed processes, and reproduced, verifying the compatibility of the materials used with the cell culture.
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