Introduction: Skin Adnexal Tumours (SAT) are a category of rare and most uncommon tumours. They could display multiple lines of differentiation such as follicular, eccrine, apocrine, sebaceous, and sometimes mixed differentiation, generating a mistaken diagnosis that might lead to unwarranted and unnecessary interventions. Aim: To describe the types and microscopic features of adnexal tumours. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective study on SAT received for histopathology at the Department of Pathology, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India, from January 2018 to June 2022 during the study period of September 2022 to March 2023. The records of patients including age, gender and site were retrieved from the registers maintained at the department and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained slides were examined and the data was analysed by descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 62 cases were included in the study out of which, 59 (95.2%) cases were found to be benign and 3 (4.8%) cases were malignant. The mean age was found to be 43.87 years. A total of 28 (45.1%) cases were seen in the age group of 21 to 40 years. Females outnumbered the males with 32 cases (51.6%). A maximum number of cases belonged to the group of sweat gland tumours (29/62, 46.8%) followed by hair follicle tumours (21/62, 33.9%) and sebaceous gland tumours (12/62, 19.3%). Nodular hidradenoma was the commonest sweat gland tumour (12/29, 41.4%), pilomatricoma was the commonest hair follicle tumour (10/21, 47.6%) and sebaceous adenoma was the commonest sebaceous gland tumour (10/12, 83.3%). The most common malignancy was sebaceous carcinoma (2/3, 66.67%). The male-to-female ratio was found to be 1:1.06. Conclusion: The incidence of SAT was low with the majority being benign tumours. Malignant tumours are even rarer and are often mistaken for cutaneous epithelial malignancies. These lesions may prompt the clinician towards unwanted surgery or treatment for the patient. They exhibit a wide variety of morphological patterns which may be confused for primary from other sites. In such cases, histopathological examination becomes necessary. Hence, a combination of good clinical expertise and histopathological confirmation by the pathologist helps appropriately manage the patient.

BACKGROUND Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become the standard primary diagnostic method in carcinoma breast. It is also a useful tool for surgical treatment and prognosis. The present study is designed to correlate cytological grading using Mouriquand’s grading method with histological grading using modified Bloom-Richardson grading method. METHODS This was an observational study. A total of 45 cases of breast carcinoma, aged 30 to 80 years, underwent FNAC and the smears were graded using Mouriquand’s criteria. All the cases were correlated with Bloom-Richardson grade on histopathology in mastectomy specimens. RESULTS There were a total of 44 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma and 1 case of mucinous carcinoma on cytology. Patients’ age ranged from 30 to 80 years with a mean of 53.27 years. In terms of cytology, 15 were (33.3 %) grade I cases, 27 (60 %) grade II and 3 (6.7 %) grade III. In histopathology, 19 (42.2 %) were grade I, 21 (46.7 %) were grade II and 5 (11.1 %) were grade III. Grade I showed a sensitivity of 52.6 % and specificity of 84.6 % with positive predictive value of 71.4 % and negative predictive value of 71 %. Grade II showed a sensitivity of 76.2 % and specificity of 50.0 % with positive predictive value of 57.1 % and negative predictive value of 70.6 %. Grade III showed a sensitivity of 20 % and specificity of 95 % with positive predictive value of 33.3 % and negative predictive value of 90.5 %. Concordance rate between cytology and histology of grade I, grade II and grade III tumours was 73.3 %, 59.25 % and 33.3 % respectively. The absolute concordance rate was 62.2 %. CONCLUSIONS Thus, cytological grading of breast carcinoma correlates well with histopathological grading. In the era of multiple treatment modalities and neoadjuvant therapy, cytological grading can be used as a prognostic factor for better management of patients. KEYWORDS Breast Carcinoma, Mouriquand’s Grading, Bloom-Richardson Grading

BACKGROUND Thyroid diseases are the most common endocrine disorders throughout the world. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune thyroid disorder and it is the second most common thyroid lesion diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), only after goiter. FNAC is a quick, easy, safe, cost-effective and highly sensitive investigation for diagnosing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The cytomorphological grading of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was 1st done by Bhatia et al. in 1912. The purpose of this study was to grade Hashimoto’s thyroiditis cytomorphologically according to lymphocytic infiltration and correlating it with thyroid hormone profile. METHODS This is a descriptive study of 87 cases which were diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis from January 2019 to December 2019 at the Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, MIMS, Mandya. The slides were collected, reviewed and graded according to Bhatia et al.’s grading system. Thyroid hormone values were collected from the department of biochemistry. The association between cytological grades and thyroid hormone parameters such as T3, T4, TSH and antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody were evaluated. RESULTS In our study, female preponderance was noted. The age range in our study was 10 - 64 years and the majority of cases were in the age group of 21 - 40 years. Grade II was the most common cytological grade, followed by grade III. Based on thyroid function values, majority of the cases were hypothyroid, followed by euthyroid and remaining were hyperthyroid. Anti-TPO levels was raised in 80.6 %, most of them had hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS In our study, there was no statistical association between cytological grades and thyroid hormone status. KEYWORDS Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, FNAC, Bhatia et al.’s Grading, Anti-TPO Antibodies, fT3, fT4, Immunoassay Analyzer