Annotation. Acute disorder of cerebral circulation (ADCC) occupies leading positions in mortality and disability in Ukraine, despite new treatments and modern medical care. Current data suggest that the problem of treatment and rehabilitation of patients after ADCC can be solved with the help of neurotrophins – a family of proteins that regulate the processes of plasticity in the brain. Due to the similarity of their structure, they are able to act as a holistic system, helping to repair damaged areas of the brain. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to collect information on the structure and function of neurotrophins BDNF, NGF, NT-3 and NT-4, their role in neuroplasticity after stroke in order to develop modern methods of influencing them for further implementation in practice. For this purpose, 50 sources from the main databases (Elsevier, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were used. The systematic review describes the structure of neurotrophins and their function, mechanisms of neuroplasticity and methods of influencing it, in particular exercise and diet. Since these methods have a general therapeutic effect and require a long time for its onset, the prospects for further development are the creation of drugs targeted to the neurotrophin system for effective rehabilitation of patients after stroke.

Annotation. Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. In the last 5 years, it has been diagnosed in 7.8 million women, and in 2020, 685,000 deaths from breast cancer were registered. The growing number of patients with this pathology and the cost of therapy creates a need to study new methods of diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, detailed attention is paid to genetic risk factors for cancer, in particular, the VDR gene and its polymorphisms ApaI, TaqI, BsmI and FokI. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to collect and analyze currently known information about these SNPs and their relationship to the development, course and effectiveness of breast cancer treatment. To do this, an extensive literature review was conducted using basic databases, which described the effect of vitamin D3 on the tumor process and found that VDR receptor dysfunction increases the risk of breast cancer and affects the sensitivity of patients to treatment, which proves the effect of polymorphisms. ApaI, TaqI, BsmI and FokI on the development of pathology. Therefore, the prospects for further research are to study the prognostic value of each polymorphism and develop new treatments for the disease.

Annotation. Endurance – one of the most important sports components, which allows you to overcome the workload for a given time without significant losses in strength and speed. It is most manifested in such sports as swimming, skiing, marathon, cycling, gymnastics. Since the endurance development is mostly influenced not only by epigenomic factors, but also by the genotype of the athlete, so the purpose of this review article is to study the effects of ACTN3 and ACE genes on this physical component. In order to do so, we used basic databases to process information that is known to date on the effects of these genes and their variations. The search was conducted up to and including January 2022 in accordance with PRISMA recommendations. Genes under our study affects endurance in different ways, for example, ACTN3 R577X polymorphism increases the number of slow muscle fibers, and the presence of wild allele “I” of the ACE gene slows down the bradykinin decomposition which mitigates the workload impact on the cardiovascular system, thereby facilitating its adaptation, although there is evidence of an increased risk of injury. The purpose of the review results is to help each athlete in selection of training tactics, which could help him in sports achievements.

Annotation. The impact of genetics on physiology and sports performance is one of the most controversial areas of sports medicine. Studies have shown that in addition to wild-type genes, almost 200 gene polymorphisms affect athletic performance, and more than 20 polymorphisms can determine the status of elite athletes. Sports results are manifested to a greater extent not only due to environmental factors, but also due to the athlete's own genotype, so the purpose of our review article is to study the effects of the PPARGC1A gene and its rs8192678 polymorphism on sports characteristics. For this purpose, we analyzed and processed the information known to date about a specific gene and the effects of its polymorphism, using the main databases. The PPARGC1A gene plays an important role in a number of physiological processes and is responsible for the metabolism of glucose and ATP, to a greater extent in muscle tissue; for oxidative processes in organs; and for switching one or another type of muscle fibers depending on the force load. It was proved that the expression of this gene can be induced under the influence of low temperatures. The PPARGC1A polymorphism has different effects on athletic performance, depending on its alleles. For example, the Gly allele, associated with muscle strength and endurance, favors athletic performance, while the Ser allele and the Ser-Gly genotype show no significant evidence. The results of our review are intended to help select a training strategy for each athlete in order to understand the role of environment and genotype in achieving athletic success.

Annotation. COVID-19 is a viral infectious disease that reached pandemic proportions in 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the etiological factor of the coronavirus disease, has a complex mechanism of impact on the human body, causing various manifestations and causing complications of the disease. As you know, a severe form of coronavirus infection is associated with dire consequences, among which the main step is a violation of the coagulation system, which has the appearance of CVD syndrome, but its main symptom is thrombosis of arterial and venous vessels. The frequency of occurrence of thrombocytopenia forces us to investigate the pathogenesis of the development of this process to reduce the number of cases. However, there is still no clear opinion about the pathogenesis of such thrombosis. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to analyse the most probable mechanisms of development of venous and/or arterial thrombosis associated with coronavirus disease. In the course of the study, 64 information sources were analysed, extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Elsevier databases. At the beginning of a thorough analysis of information, the following main links of COVID-associated thrombosis were identified: direct hyperactivation of blood platelets, which leads, through the participation of their surface molecules (P-selectin, CD40L, etc.), to the activation of aggregation and adhesion of platelets; ACE2 - mediated cell activation and endothelial dysfunction, which together have the property of stimulating thrombus formation; activation of the NETosis process, the MAPK pathway, Toll-like receptors and the Nox2 enzyme system, which also through a cascade of various reactions, which are described below, cause thrombosis. We understood that these several pathogenetic chains can work relatively separately, but the difficulty in describing the development of thrombotic disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is that these aspects of pathogenesis are closely related and intertwined at different links, forming both direct and feedback loops, and vicious circles. The obtained structured data can serve as a basis for further original research, which will allow the development of targeted therapy for the treatment and prevention of post-covid thromboses, directed at the described molecular genetic aspects.