The simultaneous measurement of both the relative electrical resistance and the equilibrium hydrogen and deuterium pressure as a function of composition of Pd-H and Pd-D systems have been carried out at temperatures between 273 and 323 K at H 2 (D 2 ) pressures up to about 3.3 MPa. The relative resistance, R/R 0 , in the (α +β) two-phase region for the absorption processes shows a very small and almost linear increase with increasing H(D) content, especially for the Pd-H system, compared to the larger changes previously observed by the electrolysis method. The resistance behaviour is quite similar to the shape of p-c isotherm relationships. The relative resistance increments per unit change of H(D)/Pd content at 298 K, (R/R 0 )/ r, in the (α + β) two-phase region are about 1.5 and 2.1 times larger for the Pd-H and Pd-D systems, respectively, compared to the changes in the relative lattice parameters with H(D)/Pd content, (a/a 0 )/ r, within the two-phase region, where a 0 is the lattice parameter of H(D)-free Pd and r is the atom ratio. On the other hand, the resistance increment in the α single solid solution phase and β single phase, except for the higher-H(D)-content region, is significantly larger compared to the changes of the lattice expansion due to dissolved hydrogen and deuterium. Thus, the variation in resistance with hydrogen and deuterium content in the (α + β) twophase region may be mainly associated with an incoherent formation of β hydride within the α phase. The relative resistance for the subsequent desorption processes from the absorption up to about 3.3 MPa at 298 K in both Pd-H and Pd-D systems exhibits almost the same maximum as that of the absorption processes, i.e. (R/R 0 ) H,max 1.87 at about H/Pd = 0.76 and (R/R 0 ) D,max 2.07 at about D/Pd = 0.75, and then the R/R 0 values decrease gradually with decreasing H(D) content up to the β min phase boundary composition; on entering the (α+β) two-phase region, the R/R 0 values remain almost constant, i.e. (R/R 0 ) (α+β) 1.76 for the Pd-H system and (R/R 0 ) (α+β)1.89 for the Pd-D system. This large hysteresis of resistance can be attributed to the creation of 'lattice strain deformations' accompanied by dislocation formation from β hydride (deuteride) formation and by further highly dissolved hydrogen and deuterium in the β phase region.

The thermodynamic parameters for solution of hydrogen at infinite dilution and the (a+B) plateau thermodynamic properties for hydrogen absorption at moderate temperatures for a series of Pd‐based f.c.c binary alloys with relatively low solute metal content have been correlated from the viewpoint of whether the alloy lattice is expanded or contracted to parent Pd lattice. Newly determined data for Pd‐Zn, Pd‐Sb, Pd‐Bi, Pd‐Cr, Pd‐Mo and Pd‐Mn alloys are included. When alloys with solute metals in the same groups are compared, the lattice parameters of Pd binary alloys with the 4 d and 5 d transition elements are, in general, larger than those with the 3 d elements. The relative partial molar enthalpy, ΔH0H, at infinite dilution becomes more exothermic with an increase of lattice parameter for the lattice‐expanded alloys with the exception of Pd‐Pt alloys. Conversely, for contracted alloys, with the exceptions of Pd‐Li, Pd‐Zn, Pd‐Al and low Ti content Pd‐Ti alloys, the enthalpy becomes less exothermic with increasing lattice contraction. The dilute phase solubility at the same temperature as reflected by the relative chemical potential of dissolved hydrogen at infinite dilution, Δμ0H, increases with increasing lattice expansion for the expanded alloys, with the exceptions of Pd‐Pt and Pd‐Nb (Ta), whereas for the contracted alloys, the solubility decreases with increasing lattice contraction, with the exception of the Pd‐Li alloys. The standard free energy change, ΔG0plat' for B‐hydride formation in the expanded alloys decreases with increase of lattice expansion with the exceptions of the Pd‐Pt, Pd‐Zr, Pd‐Sb, Pd‐Nb(Ta) and Pd‐Mn alloys. For the contracted alloys, the B‐hydride becomes less stable with increasing lattice contraction except for the Pd‐Li alloys. The isobaric hydrogen solubilities in Pd alloys at relatively high pressures may be attributed to the influence of the solute metal atoms on the Pd band structure and to the exclusion of H from site occupation due to solute atoms in the nearest neighbor shells; both of these effects are independent of the lattice expansion and contraction.

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Backgrounds: Whether there is a true increase in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequency or not remains unclear. Additionally, the rates of co-existing neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in a total population sample has not been fully examined before. Therefore, using a total population sample in Japan, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and cumulative incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) annually, to determine whether there is a true increase in ASD prevalence by estimating the cumulative incidence of ASD annually, and to examine the rates of co-existing neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Method: In this cross-sectional sequential design study, all 5-year-old children in the catchment area underwent the screening annually from the year 2013-2016. Screen-positive children were invited to participate in a comprehensive assessment, including child and parent interview, behavioral observation, and cognitive and motor function testing. All cases were reviewed by a multidisciplinary research team. Results: Caregivers of 3954 children returned the screening, among which 559 children underwent the assessment with 87 children receiving an ASD diagnosis. Adjusted ASD prevalence was 3.22% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.66-3.76%). The male to female ratio of the crude prevalence was 2.2:1. The cumulative incidence of ASD up to 5 years of age for the total study years was 1.31% (95% CI 1.00-1.62%). A generalized linear model revealed no significant linear trends in 5-year cumulative incidence over the study years. Only 11.5% of children had ASD alone; the remaining 88.5% were found to have at least one co-existing NDD.

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