Sunflower Verticillium wilt is a widespread and destructive disease caused by the soilborne pathogen Verticillium dahliae. To better understand the process of infection and seed transmission of the fungus, sunflower roots were inoculated with a V. dahliae strain (VdBM9-6) labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and monitored microscopically. After 24 to 96 h postinoculation (hpi), conidia germinated and developed into mycelium on root hairs, elongation zones, and caps of lateral roots. Mycelium colonized vascular bundles of lateral roots and taproots at 7 days postinoculation (dpi). At 10 weeks postinoculation (wpi), the epidermal cells, cortical tissues, and vascular elements of stem, petiole, and leaf veins were colonized by mycelium. By 12 wpi, strong GFP signals were detected not only on different tissues of inflorescence but also on testa of seed and a small fraction of pollen grains. A GFP signal was not observed on cotyledon tissues in the seed. Additionally, the colonization of V. dahliae on testa was also confirmed with MNP-10 selection medium, indicating that the testa of seed is the main carrier for the long distance transmission of sunflower yellow wilt.

Bovine endometrium undergoes various physiological and histological changes that are necessary for blastocyst implantation during oestrous cycle. From pro-oestrus to late-oestrus, endometrium thickens gradually for implantation preparation and exhibits remarkable capacity for self-repair after uterine lining shedding while implantation does not occur. The prostaglandin E (PGE ) secretion pattern is synchronized with endometrial growth during oestrous cycles in bovine endometrium; however, limited information is available regarding the association between PGE secretion and endometrial growth. In this study, the concentration (10 to 10 M) and time effect (2-36 hr) of PGE treatment on a series of growth factors are essential for endometrial growth including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA and protein expression, and proliferation of epithelial and fibroblast cells was investigated in bovine endometrial explants in vitro. The results indicated that PGE at concentration about 10 to 10 M could up-regulate CTGF, FGF-2, IL-8, MMP-2, TGF-β1, VEGFA mRNA and protein expression, and could induce the proliferation of epithelial and fibroblast cells and reduce the proapoptotic factor (caspase-3) expression in bovine endometrial explants in vitro. These results collectively improved the possibility of PGE functions in endometrial growth during oestrous cycles.

21Cashmere goats, as an important part of animal husbandry production, make outstanding 22 contributions to animal fiber industry. In recent years, a great deal of research has been done on the 23 molecular regulation mechanism of hair follicle cycle growth. However, there are few reports on 24 the molecular regulation mechanisms of secondary hair follicle growth cycle in cashmere goats. In 25 this study, we used transcriptome sequencing technique to sequence the skin of Inner Mongolia 26 cashmere goats in different periods, Analyze the variation and difference of genes in the whole hair 27 follicle cycle. And then, we verified the regulation mechanism of cashmere goat secondary hair 28 follicle growth cycle by fluorescence quantitative PCR. As the result shows: The results of tissue 29 section showed that the growth cycle of cashmere hair could be divided into three distinct periods: 30 growth period (March-September), regression period (September-December) and resting period 31 (December-March). The results of differential gene analysis showed that March was considered 32 the beginning of the cycle, and the difference of gene expression was the most significant. Cluster 33 analysis of gene expression in the whole growth cycle further supported the key nodes of the three 34 periods of villus growth, and the differential gene expression of keratin corresponding to the villus 35 growth cycle further supported the results of tissue slices. Quantitative fluorescence analysis 36 showed that KAP3.1, KRTAP 8-1 and KRTAP 24-1 genes had close positive correlation with the 37 growth cycle of cashmere, and their regulation was consistent with the growth cycle of cashmere. 38 However, there was a sequence of expression time, indicating that the results of cycle regulation 39 made the growth of cashmere change. 40 41 Keywords： Transcriptional group; differentially expressed genes; cashmere goat skin; 42 villus growth cycle; keratin. 43 44 45 49 Mongolia cashmere goats have two distinctly different fibrous structures, with thick and coarse hairs 50 on the upper layer of the skin and fine and soft cashmere underneath. The cashmere comes from the 51 secondary hair follicle structure in the skin[8], and the coarse hair comes from the primary hair 52 follicle structure in the skin[9, 10]. Hair follicles, after shedding old hair shafts, produce new hair 68 was to investigate the correlation between differentially expressed genes and the regulation of hair 69 cycle transitions at different stages of hair growth. The biological functions of differentially 70 expressed genes at different stages of hair growth play an important role in the elucidation of the 71 regulatory mechanism of hair growth, laying a theoretical foundation for the study of this regulatory 72 mechanism. 73 74 Methods 75 Animals 76 In this experiment, Three Inner Mongolian cashmere goats were selected from 77 the same grazing environment. All animal experiments were performed in accordance 78 with the 'Guidelines for Experimental Animals' of the Ministry of Scienc...