Members of Venturiales ( Dothideomycetes ) are widely distributed, and comprise saprobes, as well as plant, human and animal pathogens. In spite of their economic importance, the general lack of cultures and DNA data has resulted in taxa being poorly resolved. In the present study five loci, ITS, LSU rDNA, tef1 , tub2 and rpb2 are used for analysing 115 venturialean taxa representing 30 genera in three families in the current classification of Venturiales . Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, morphological and ecological characteristics, one new family, Cylindrosympodiaceae , and eight new genera are described, namely Bellamyces , Fagicola, Fraxinicola , Fuscohilum, Neofusicladium , Parafusicladium , Pinaceicola and Sterila . In addition, 12 species are described as new to science, and 41 new combinations are proposed. The taxonomic status of 153 species have been re-evaluated with 20 species excluded from Venturiales . Based on this revision of Venturiales , morphological characteristics such as conidial arrangement (solitary or in chains) or conidiogenesis (blastic-solitary, sympodial or annellidic), proved to be significant at generic level. Venturia as currently defined represents a generic complex. Furthermore, plant pathogens appear more terminal in phylogenetic analyses within Venturiaceae and Sympoventuriaceae , suggesting that the ancestral state of Venturiales is most likely saprobic.

ABSTRACT. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is a tree in the subfamily Faboideae, native to North America, that has been naturalized and widely planted in temperate Europe and Asia. Black locust has important ecological and economic value, but its quality needs improvement. Hybridization programs are important for black locust breeding, but the low rate of fruit set after controlled pollination limits both its breeding and that of other monoclinous plant species that share this problem. In this study, we investigated gene expression in emasculated black locust flowers using the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism technique to determine why the rate of fruit set is low after controlled pollination. Flowers that were emasculated after being frozen in liquid nitrogen were used as controls. Changes in the flower transcriptome were more dramatic at 5 h after emasculation than at 48 h. Injury caused by emasculation decreased the expression levels of genes associated with metabolism, growth regulation, signal transduction, and photosynthesis, and it increased the expression of genes related to stress-response metabolism, signal transduction, and promotion of senescence. The changes in the expression levels of these genes had negative effects on sugar metabolism, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, matter transport, signal transduction, osmotic regulation, pH regulation, and photosynthesis. Thus, emasculation accelerated flower senescence, resulting in low fruit set.

In the leaf-twig-stem-root sequence, the greatest 13 C enrichment was recorded in stem 9 phloem.1 0 Abstract 1Compared to photosynthetic fractionation, the mechanism of post-photosyntheticcarbon isotope fractionation is not well understood. The aim of this study was to and to evaluate potential hypotheses explaining differences in carbon isotope fractionation could not be ascribed to a single, unifying hypotheses; instead, it is the 2 7result of multiple processes.

An entry postal parcel with mature nuts of Phytelephas macrocarpa from Togo was inspected at Dalian Customs (China) in December 2021, and four strains were isolated from symptomatic tissues of the nuts. Based on morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses, above strains were identified as a new species which is mainly characterised by the verticillately branching conidiophores. Based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, this new species forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Corallomycetella, Paracremonium and Xenoacremonium but could not be accommodated in any known genera of Nectriaceae . Thus, a new genus Heteroverticillium is established to accommodate this new species ( H. phytelephatis ). To our knowledge, this is the first time that Chinese customs have intercepted a new fungal genus. In addition, we provided an updated backbone tree for the generic relationships in Nectriaceae , which may largely assist future identification of nectriaceous fungi to genus level in quarantine inspections. Based on our analysis, Varicosporellopsis is likely a late synonym of Paracremonium .

Investigation of δ13C of leaf and twig phloem water-soluble organic material (WSOM) is a promising approach for analysis of the effects of environmental factors on plant performance. In this study, orthogonal treatments of three CO2 concentrations (Ca) × five soil water contents (SWC) were conducted using Platycladus orientalis saplings to investigate the interaction of water stress and CO2 concentration on δ13C of leaf and twig phloem WSOM. Under the lowest SWC, the δ13C of leaf and twig phloem WSOM had the most positive values at any Ca and their values decreased as Ca increased. However, at improved soil water conditions, the greatest values of δ13C of leaf and twig phloem WSOM were mostly observed at C600. In addition, a more significant relationship between SWC and δ13C of twig phloem WSOM than that between SWC and δ13C of leaf WSOM demonstrated that δ13C of twig phloem WSOM is a more sensitive indicator of SWC. Twig phloem WSOM was generally 13C-depleted compared with leaf WSOM for potential post-photosynthetic fractionation, and the 13C discrimination from leaves to twig phloem was insensitive to the interaction between SWC and Ca. Clearly, interacting effects play a more important role in photosynthetic fractionation than in post-photosynthetic fractionation.HighlightThe δ13C of leaf and twig phloem WSOM exhibited the most positive values at C400×35%–45% FC.Post-photosynthetic fractionation from leaf to twig was not be impacted by the interacting effects.