Particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) has a severe impact on human health. The concentration of PM 2.5 , related to air-quality changes, may be associated with perceptible effects on people's health. In this study, computer intelligence was used to assess the negative effects of PM 2.5 . The input data, used for the evaluation, were grid definitions (shape-file), PM 2.5 , air-quality data, incidence/prevalence rates, a population dataset, and the (Krewski) health-impact function. This paper presents a local (Pakistan) health-impact assessment of PM 2.5 in order to estimate the long-term effects on mortality. A rollback-to-a-standard scenario was based on the PM 2.5 concentration of 15 μg m −3 . Health benefits for a population of about 73 million people were calculated. The results showed that the estimated avoidable mortality, linked to ischemic heart disease and lung cancer, was 2,773 for every 100,000 people, which accounts for 2,024,290 preventable deaths of the total population. The total cost, related to the above mortality, was estimated to be US $ 1,000 million. Therefore, a policy for a PM 2.5 -standard up to 15 μg m −3 is suggested.

We compared land-monitored AQI levels for the above three periods of time. For validation, air quality was navigated by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) satellite during the first semester (January 1 to June 30) of 2019 and 2020. It is seen that the concentration of PM 2.5 was considerably reduced in 2020 (more than 50%), ranging from ~ 0.05 to 0.3 kg⋅m 3 , compared to the same period in 2019. The results revealed that the AQI was considerably reduced during the lockdown period. This finding is a very promising as the inhabitants of the planet Earth can be guaranteed the possibility of a green environment in the future.

No abstract

Milk fever is a condition in which an animal's body fails to maintain calcium homeostasis as a result of an increase in calcium demand during pregnancy or lactation. The clinical care of probable milk fever with the retained placenta in a Friesian cow following twin calves was described in this case. The principal complaint of a four-yearold Holstein Friesian cow weighing 450 kg was weakness and inability to stand a day after the birth of two calves. The cow was found to be in sternal recumbency and unable to stand, with the placenta hanging from the vulva region. The cow's vital signs were all normal, but she had a weak heartbeat. Milk fever, downers' cow syndrome, and hypophosphatemia were the differential diagnosis at the time. Based on the history of parturition of two calves and thus hypocalcemia, the cow was diagnosed with probable milk fever. Flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg was given intravenously to the cow as an anti-inflammatory, anti-pyrexia, and analgesic. Then, as a calcium supply, 500 mL of calcium borogluconate (23%) was slowly supplied intravenously at a rate of 1 drop/second. After 10 minutes, the cow responded to the treatment. In addition, the retained placenta was irrigated with 0.9% normal saline lavaged into the uterus. As a last lavage, 20 mL of oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) was injected into the uterine body. Finally, to avoid additional bacterial infections, a broad range long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) antibiotic was given intramuscularly once. During the treatment of milk fever, the major focus should be on therapeutic treatment to restore the calcium level in the blood.

No abstract