Rapid social changes and transformations and expeditious growth of new technologies will confront humanity with challenges in the future. Preparing people to deal with these challenges is one of the most fundamental goals of education and higher education. In this educational systems, the role of curriculum developers is also determinative. Curriculum designers with the help of futurists should always study and explore the future. One of the approaches to studying the future is futures study. They should forecast possible future events through futures study and identify future needs using certain techniques and then form the futures-based curriculum development. In general, in this article, the role of providence and futures study in the development of futures-based curriculum has been discussed. In this article, the probable challenges facing society in various fields; functions of the educational system to meet the challenges; providence and it position in the curriculum; the study of future through futures study approach; future-based curriculum and its requirements; appropriate research approaches for identifying these requirements; and the steps of developing a futures-based curriculum have been taken into account.
Background and Objectives: Spirituality is an individual’s effort and searches for meaning and purpose in life. Spirituality includes the connection with religious beliefs and some of the chosen beliefs, values, and duties that give meaning to life to achieve the desired perfection. This study aimed to model the structural equations of the relationship between spirituality and psychological wellbeing mediated by spiritual health. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study, especially of cause-effect modeling. The statistical population included students of higher education centers in Sanandaj City, Iran, in 2018. Of them, 464 subjects were selected as the research sample by cluster random sampling approach. Measurement tools included researcher-made spirituality questionnaires (2020), Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (1980), and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (Paloutzian & Ellison, 1983). Results: Data analysis was performed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, heuristic factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis by structural equation modeling. The results on the model of the relationship between spirituality, psychological well-being, and spiritual health indicated the acceptable desirability of the indicators of goodness of fit of the model (P≤0.01). Other results suggested that higher levels of spirituality were associated with psychological wellbeing and spiritual health. Conclusion: The present research data revealed an overlap between spirituality, psychological well-being, and spiritual health. Spirituality positively affected psychological wellbeing and spiritual health concerning individual and social adjustment
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