[1] The critical role of oceanic surface waves in climate system is attracting more and more attention. We set up an Earth System Model, which is named as the First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model (FIO-ESM), composed of a coupled physical climate model and a coupled carbon cycle model. A surface wave model is introduced through including the nonbreaking wave-induced vertical mixing, which can improve the performance of climate model especially in the simulation of upper ocean mixed layer depth in the southern ocean, into the ocean general circulation model. The FIO-ESM is employed to conduct Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) experiments. The historical simulation of FIO-ESM's physical climate model for shows that the simulated patterns of surface air temperature (SAT), rainfall, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) match those of the observations. Future projections under the four scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 are also conducted and the global averaged SAT in 2100 would be À0.007 C, 1.10 C, 1.85 C, and 3.92 C higher than that in 2005, respectively. The historical simulation and future projection under RCP8.5 with global carbon cycle show the SAT and atmospheric CO 2 concentration are well reproduced in the historical period and the global averaged SAT would increase by 3.90 C in 2100, which is quite similar to the physical climate model's result. Further analysis shows surface wave makes projected SAT in RCP2.6 about 2 C cooler in the Arctic area and 2 C warmer in the southern ocean.

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[1] One of the common problems of the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) without flux correction is that the simulated sea surface temperature (SST) deviates noticeably from the observation especially in the tropics, such as the too cold tongue in the eastern Pacific and a reversed SST zonal gradient in the equatorial Atlantic. The coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean general circulation model, which incorporates the non-breaking surface wave-induced mixing into the CCSM3 through a coupler, can improve the simulation of the tropical SST. On the ocean-basin scale, the wave-induced vertical mixing can generate "West-Positive and East-Negative" pattern for the equatorial SST that much alleviates the tropical bias. The formation mechanism for this basin-wide response to the wave-induced mixing is analyzed through sensitive experiments of AOGCMs and stand-alone ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). First, in each basin, the SST becomes colder under the direct effect of the wave-induced mixing, and the SST in the eastern part of each basin is colder due to the shallower ocean mixed layer than that of the western part. The SST in the western basin (or central basin in the Pacific Ocean) increases due to the weakened eastward zonal current. Then, the pattern of warm SST in the west and cold SST in the east is amplified due to the Bjernkes feedback in a climate system. The net heat flux feedback plays a negative role in this kind of SST response.Citation: Song, Z., F. Qiao, and Y. Song (2012), Response of the equatorial basin-wide SST to non-breaking surface wave-induced mixing in a climate model: An amendment to tropical bias,

π-Stacking is common in materials, but different π−π stacking modes remarkably affect the properties and performances of materials. In particular, weak interactions, π-stacking and hydrogen bonding, often have a great impact on the stability and sensitivity of high-energetic compounds. Therefore, several of energetic materials based on 1,1′-dihydroxyazotetrazole (1) with a nearly flat structure, such as the salts of aminoguanidine (2), 1,3diaminoguanidine (3), imidazole (4), pyrazole ( 5) and triaminoguanidine (6), and a cocrystal of 2-methylimidazole (7), were designed and synthesized. Based on single-crystal diffraction data, thermal decomposition behaviors, and the mechanical sensitivity test, the compounds of 4, 5, and 7 with face-toface π−π stacking display outstanding thermal stability and insensitivity.