Background: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder. Therapeutically, a transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) can play a beneficial role in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. However, the relevant mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. Main body: Subsequent to the transplantation of BMMSCs, memory loss and cognitive impairment were significantly improved in animal models with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Potential mechanisms involved neurogenesis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, immunomodulation, etc. The above mechanisms might play different roles at certain stages. It was revealed that the transplantation of BMMSCs could alter some gene levels. Moreover, the differential expression of representative genes was responsible for neuropathological phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease, which could be used to construct gene-specific patterns. Conclusions: Multiple signal pathways involve therapeutic mechanisms by which the transplantation of BMMSCs improves cognitive and behavioral deficits in AD models. Gene expression profile can be utilized to establish statistical regression model for the evaluation of therapeutic effect. The transplantation of autologous BMMSCs maybe a prospective therapy for patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBM‐MSCs) are important for preclinical tissue regeneration and repair studies. In the present study, we isolated mBM‐MSCs using three easy‐to‐perform methods (whole bone marrow‐adherent culture, density‐gradient centrifugation, and bone digestion), and then compared the morphology, proliferation, differentiation, and paracrine factor profiles of the isolated mBM‐MSCs. Of these three isolation methods, the bone digestion method resulted in the highest quantity of mBM‐MSCs with high growth potential and moderate differentiation. Conversely, the mBM‐MSCs isolated through the whole bone marrow‐adherent method exhibited the lowest potency for proliferation and differentiation. The differentially expressed factors between mBM‐MSCs were primarily those involved in immune responses. The highly expressed secreted factors included cytokines/members of the chemokine family, growth factors, and protein binding/proteinase activity. These findings provide a fundamental reference for development of MSC isolation methods.