Purpose To use Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure the angle opening distance at Schwalbe's line (AOD-SL) and determine its value in anterior chamber angle assessment. Methods Horizontal scans of the nasal and temporal anterior chamber angles in glaucoma subjects were performed by 830 nm wavelength Fourier-domain OCT. Images were graded by two ophthalmologists who assessed the visibility of Schwalbe’s line (SL), anterior limbus (AL), scleral spur (SS), and angle recess (AR). AOD-SL was measured with computer calipers. SL was manually identified by the termination of the corneal endothelium. Gonioscopy was used to classify anterior chamber angles according to a modified Shaffer system. Spearman's rho analysis was performed to assess correlation between AOD-SL and modified Shaffer grade. A cut-off value of AOD-SL for diagnosing occludable angles (modified Shaffer grade ≤1) was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Results Thirty-five glaucoma subjects (65 eyes) were enrolled. SL, AL, AR, and SS were visible by OCT in 97.7%, 99.2%, 87.3%, and 80.8% of eyes, respectively. Nasal and temporal AOD-SLs were 322.6 ± 200.2 µm and 341.4 ± 197.4 µm, respectively. Correlation coefficients between AOD-SL and modified Shaffer grade were 0.80 (nasal) and 0.81 (temporal). The diagnostic cut-off value of AOD-SL for occludable angles was 290 µm. The areas under the ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity values were 0.90, 0.80, 0.87 (nasal) and 0.90, 0.85, 0.77 (temporal). Conclusions The measurement of AOD-SL by Fourier-domain OCT is highly correlated with gonioscopy and may be a useful noncontact method of assessing angle closure risk.

33Promoting the penetration of distributed photovolataic systems (PV) at the end-34 user side is an important contribution to carbon reduction. This study aims to evaluate 35 the promotion impact of the level of smart consumers on the installation of distributed 36 PV using a non-cooperative game theoretical model, which can find the Nash 37 equilibrium of residential smart consumers with different levels of demand control 38 capability in a electricity power market with real-time pricing mechanism under 39 different installed PV capacities and battery capacities. As a case study, 5 levels of smart 40 control, 32 combinations of PV installed capacities and battery capacities were 41 analyzed and inter-compared using the developed model. The results show that: (i) the 42 consumers with higher smart control level are able to accept larger PV capacity because 43 the marginal revenue of new installed PV for smart consumers decreases much more 44 slowly compared to that of a common consumer; (ii) the smarter consumers need less 45 batteries to promote PV economic acceptability; (iii) the smarter consumers can meet 46 the electricity demand in real-time with least expenditure thanks to their advanced 47 demand-response capability, so they get more ultimate benefit from the games. 48 49 Game, Complementarity Model 51 7 price is usually set as exogenous. The consumers are price-takers rather than players in 131 the market, which means that the consumers' behavior has no impact on the electricity 132 price. The other type of model is the game theoretical model, for example the non-133 cooperative game models handling games among residential consumers equipped with 134 distributed electricity generators [18][19][20], Stackelberg game models dealing with games 135 between utility companies and smart end-users (such as residential smart homes) in 136 demand response programs [21], and market equilibrium models focusing on the whole 137

Endoscopic dual-modality photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging has the capability of providing morphology and molecular information simultaneously. An ultrasonic transducer was applied for detecting PA signals and performing US imaging which determines the sensitivity and performance of a dual-modality PA/US system. In our study, a miniature single element 32-MHz lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) epoxy 1–3 composite based ultrasonic transducer was developed. A miniature endoscopic probe based on this transducer has been fabricated. Using the dual modality PA/US system with a PMN-PT/epoxy 1–3 composite based ultrasonic transducer, phantom and in vivo animal studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance. The preliminary results show enhanced bandwidths of the new ultrasonic transducer and improved signal-to-noise ratio of PA and US images of rat colorectal wall compared with PMN-PT and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) composite based ultrasonic transducers.