The present work examines the mechanism of formation of thermal shock crack patterns in ceramics. An attempt has been made to bridge the gap between theoretical predictions and experimental data. A set of experiments on thin ceramic specimens yielded two-dimensional readings of thermal shock crack patterns with periodical and hierarchical characteristics that vary with the thermal shock temperature. Based on the minimum potential energy principle the finite element method was used for numerical simulations, in which the temperature dependence of the material properties was considered. To overcome the difficulty of a lack of accurate data on the convective heat transfer coefficient at high temperatures, a "semi-inverse method" was developed, which explores a new method for estimating a physical quantity that is difficult to measure using physical quantities, which are relatively easy to measure. The numerical and experimental data were compared and discussed. The obtained numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the numerical simulations can conveniently reproduce the evolution of thermal shock cracks, which is difficult to observe experimentally. In addition, some interesting phenomena related to thermal shock crack pattern evolution were observed. The present theoretical-numerical-experimental study has led to a much improved understanding of the formation and evolution of thermal shock crack patterns in ceramics.

Carbon‐based nanomaterials have significantly pushed the boundary of electrochemical performance of lithium‐based batteries (LBs) thanks to their excellent conductivity, high specific surface area, controllable morphology, and intrinsic stability. Complementary to these inherent properties, various synthetic techniques have been adopted to prepare carbon‐based nanomaterials with diverse structures and different dimensionalities including 1D nanotubes and nanorods, 2D nanosheets and films, and 3D hierarchical architectures, which have been extensively applied as high‐performance electrode materials for energy storage and conversion. The present review aims to outline the structural design and composition engineering of carbon‐based nanomaterials as high‐performance electrodes of LBs including lithium‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. This review mainly focuses on the boosting of electrochemical performance of LBs by rational dimensional design and porous tailoring of advanced carbon‐based nanomaterials. Particular attention is also paid to integrating active materials into the carbon‐based nanomaterials, and the structure–performance relationship is also systematically discussed. The developmental trends and critical challenges in related fields are summarized, which may inspire more ideas for the design of advanced carbon‐based nanostructures with superior properties.

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