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The paper studies the influence of piezoelectric materials and structural parameters on the electromechanical conversion characteristics of the piezoelectric vibrator. Employing the mechanical theory of Euler–Bernoulli beam, the mechanical vibration and circuit balance equation are obtained about the single-step variable cross-section bimorph piezoelectric vibrator under the condition of external resistance, and the analytical equations are derived for the displacement, output voltage, and conversion efficiency of the piezoelectric vibrator excited by near natural frequency simple harmonic support. The validity of the theoretical model is verified by vibration test. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the mechanical and electrical conversion efficiency of the piezoelectric vibrator is the highest when the circuit impedance is matched, and the mechanical and electrical conversion efficiency of the piezoelectric vibrator is determined by the resistance ratio caused by mechanical and electrical coupling after resistance optimization.