Presencia en el peridomicilio de vectores infectados conLeishmania (Viannia) panamensis en dos focos endémicos en el occidente de Boyacá, piedemonte del valle del Magdalena medio, Colombia
Introducción. Culicoides pachymerus, por sus picaduras, ocasiona una grave molestia sanitaria en la población del occidente del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia). Objetivo. Evaluar de forma preliminar en campo el efecto de una loción repelente con ingredientes activos de origen natural (p-mentano-3,8-diol 16 % y aceite de limonaria 2 %) contra las picaduras de C. pachymerus. Materiales y métodos. En parejas de voluntarios ubicadas en el peridomicilio, se comparó simultáneamente la loción repelente con un control (sin aplicación de repelente) mediante la tasa de picadura de C. pachymerus en el antebrazo, el porcentaje de protección y el tiempo de protección durante un periodo entre tres y seis horas después de la aplicación. La prueba se repitió 10 veces.Resultados. Solo dos hembras de C. pachymerus se recolectaron en el tratamiento con la loción repelente, mientras que, en el control, la tasa promedio de picadura fue de 47,7 hembras por persona en 10 minutos. El porcentaje de protección promedio del repelente fue de 100 % hasta cuatro horas después de la aplicación y se mantuvo alto (99,5 %) hasta cinco horas después. Solo en dos pruebas se registró picadura confirmada de C. pachymerus, con un tiempo de protección de 332,2 y 338,2 minutos. En las ocho pruebas restantes el tiempo de protección superó la duración de la prueba. Conclusión. El repelente evaluado demostró una gran eficacia en la prevención de las picaduras de C. pachymerus, hasta cinco horas después de su aplicación. Field efficacy of repellent formulation containing para-menthane-3,8-diol and lemongrass against Culicoides pachymerus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Colombia Introduction. Culicoides pachymerus is a major pest species for the inhabitants of the western Boyacá province of Colombia.Objective. The effect of a repellent lotion based on p-menthane-3,8-diol (16%) and lemongrass oil (2%) was evaluated against the bites of C. pachymerus. Materials and methods. The repellent lotion was compared simultaneously with a control (no treatment) by human landing catches of C. pachymerus on the forearms of paired volunteers situated near human dwellings. Protection percentage and protection time for 3 to 6 h after repellent application was calculated. The test was repeated ten times. Results. Only two females of C. pachymerus were collected on arms with the repellent treatment. In contrast, the mean biting rate in the untreated control was 47.7 midges/person/10 min. Mean protection percentage of the repellent was 100% up to 4 h and 99.5% up to 5 h. Protection time was 332.2 and 338.2 min in the two replicates where bites of C. pachymerus were confirmed. In the remaining eight replicates protection time exceeded the test duration. Conclusion. The repellent showed high efficacy against C. pachymerus, up to 5 h post-application.
Introducción. Los habitantes del occidente del departamento de Boyacá han reportado molestia sanitaria y problemas dermatológicos ocasionados por la constante picadura de insectos del género Culicoides. Objetivo. Identificar el área de Boyacá afectada por Culicoides, determinar las especies antropofílicas involucradas y su abundancia. Materiales y métodos. Se solicitó información sobre la molestia sanitaria y el registro de casos dermatológicos asociados a la picadura de Culicoides a las autoridades de salud de los municipios que por sus reportes previos o por sus características geográficas se consideraron como potencialmente afectados. En los municipios que informaron sufrir la problemática, se realizó un muestreo entomológico con atrayente humano afuera de las viviendas. Resultados. Se confirmó la gravedad de la molestia en el área rural de nueve municipios ubicados en el flanco occidental de la Cordillera Oriental. Aunque los registros epidemiológicos fueron fragmentados, se estableció que en seis municipios el 11,4% de los casos (n=2.472) de dermatitis reportados entre el 2003 y el 2005 fueron atribuidos a la picadura de Culicoides. Los resultados entomológicos mostraron que la especie dominante fue Culicoides pachymerus, 99,3% de las 3.389 hembras recolectadas, con tasas de picadura (promedios geométricos) por municipio de hasta 52 hembras/persona en 5 minutos. Mediante análisis multivariado, se encontró que la abundancia de esta especie se relaciona negativamente con la altitud. Conclusiones. Por su dominancia y altas tasas de picadura, C. pachymerus es muy probablemente la especie responsable de la molestia sanitaria y los problemas dermatológicos causados por Culicoides en el departamento de Boyacá.Palabras clave: Ceratopogonidae, dermatitis, salud pública, ecosistema andino.
The breeding sites of Culicoides pachymerus are described for the first time in western Boyacá Province, Colombia, where Bloodsucking midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille belong to the family Ceratopogonidae. These insects have a long evolutionary history, with fossil records dating back 90 million years; at this time, they were already feeding on vertebrate blood (Borkent 2005). Culicoides midges have public health importance as vectors of viruses, nematodes and protozoans. In addition, their intensive biting is a significant nuisance and can cause dermatological problems when the insects are very abundant (Blanton & Wirth 1979, Borkent 2005. According to Borkent (2009), about 1,300 species of this genus have been described worldwide, of which 114 have been recorded in Colombia (Spinelli et al. 2009). Some of these species have been reported to cause problems in the Colombian Andes due to their high biting rates; Culicoides puracensis Wirth & Lee was reported as a pest in the uplands (páramo) of Puracé by Wirth and Lee (1967) and Culicoides pachymerus has been reported as a public health problem in western Boyacá since 1987 (Villareal 1998). Santamaría et al. (2008) reported peridomiciliary biting rates of up to 51.8 females/person/5 min for the latter region.As in other members of the family Ceratopogonidae, the life cycle of Culicoides midges consists of an egg stage, four larval instar stages, a pupal stage and an adult stage. The ecology and population dynamics of the larvae are key to understanding their patterns of abundance and the relationship of these patterns to environmental factors such as climate and habitat. Furthermore, control of the immature stages may play a significant part in pest and vector control. However, little is known about the microhabitats in which Culicoides larvae develop and immature stages have been described for only 238 (Borkent 2005) of the currently known species (Borkent 2009). Although the breeding sites of Culicoides are extremely variable, all are aquatic or semi-aquatic, including damp or wet decomposing vegetation, wet leaf packs, manure, many different types of phytotelmata, tree holes, swamps, ponds, lakes, streams and river margins, mangrove swamps, bogs and salt marshes (Borkent 2005).Despite the relatively wide neotropical distribution of C. pachymerus, which is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guatemala, El Salvador and Panamá (Forattini 1957, Wirth et al. 1988, the preferred breeding sites of this species have not been determined. The aim of the present study was to identify the microhabitats in which immatures of C. pachymerus occur.Sampling was carried out in three scattered rural dwelling areas (veredas) in the foothills of the eastern Cordillera of the Andes, which surrounds the central Magdalena River valley in Boyacá department: vereda Chizo Cuepar in the municipality of San Pablo de Borbur, vereda Santa Rosa in the municipality of Tunungua and vereda Topo Grande in the municipality of Pauna (Fig. 1).These rural dwelling areas were sele...
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