Recent advances in machine learning and computer vision are revolutionizing the field of animal behavior by enabling researchers to track the poses and locations of freely moving animals without any marker attachment. However, large datasets of annotated images of animals for markerless pose tracking, especially high-resolution images taken from multiple angles with accurate 3D annotations, are still scant. Here, we propose a method that uses a motion capture (mo-cap) system to obtain a large amount of annotated data on animal movement and posture (2D and 3D) in a semi-automatic manner. Our method is novel in that it extracts the 3D positions of morphological keypoints (e.g eyes, beak, tail) in reference to the positions of markers attached to the animals. Using this method, we obtained, and offer here, a new dataset -3D-POP with approximately 300k annotated frames (4 million instances) in the form of videos having groups of one to ten freely moving birds from 4 different camera views in a 3.6m x 4.2m area. 3D-POP is the first dataset of flocking birds with accurate keypoint annotations in 2D and 3D along with bounding box and individual identities and will facilitate the development of solutions for problems of 2D to 3D markerless pose, trajectory tracking, and identification in birds.
Here, we review quality of life and functional outcomes in bladder cancer patients after treatment and look for potential contributors. For the current scoring systems, we highlighted the specificity scales that are most commonly used in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and muscle invasive bladder cancer. In addition, we go into the influence and bias of ileal conduit, robotic surgery, gender disparities, perioperative rehabilitation, bladder-preserving radiotherapy, pharmaceutical and immune chemotherapy, etc. on quality of life. Currently, although there are conflicts whether ileal conduit or orthotopic neobladder has a more positive impact on the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer, it is widely recognized that modern applications such as robotic surgery and pharmaceutical and immune chemotherapy improve the prognosis and quality of life of bladder cancer patients. Moreover, we discussed the differences in the adaptation of sex life quality between women and man after receiving various treatments. Surgical procedures that preserve organ integrity appear to improve patient's quality of sexual life. Through this review, clinicians will have a better understanding of how important modern applications can grasp to improve the quality of life of their patients, with the goal of restoring their patient's normal function and making it easier for them to re-join society.
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