We conducted an intensive longitudinal study of sexual minority adolescents to address gaps in the literature, limitations in retrospective reporting, and test tenets of the minority stress model. We examined the frequency of daily minority stressors and their within-person associations with negative and positive affect. We also tested the moderating effects of depressive symptomology on these associations. Sexual minority adolescents (N = 94; 35.1% were bisexual; 31.9% were gender minority; 45.2% were racial/ ethnic minority), ages 12-18 years old (M = 16.1, SD = 1.5), were recruited from the community and completed a baseline questionnaire and then a 21-day daily dairy (82.5% response rate). Participants experienced at least one minority stressor, with an average of 16.96 minority stressors (SD = 18.7, Range: 0-83), over the 21-day monitoring period. Some minority stressors were more commonly experienced than others (e.g., vicarious minority stress) and most participants attributed their sexual orientation to these stressors. Participants also attributed other marginalized identities to these stressors (e.g., gender identity, race). Daily minority stressors were associated with greater negative affect but not positive affect. Participants had greater negative affect on days where sexual-orientation-specific minority stressors were endorsed compared to days where minority stressors were not reported. These associations were not moderated by depression symptomology. The results underscore that minority stressors are pervasive experiences of sexual minority adolescents' daily life and natural environment and they are associated with daily emotions. The findings have implications for the minority stress model and future research and interventions. Public Significance StatementThe findings of this study demonstrate that stigma and unique stressors are pervasive experiences in sexual minority adolescents' daily life, and these daily experiences are associated with greater negative affect.

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In exploratory factor analysis, latent factors and factor loadings are seldom interpretable until analytic rotation is performed. Typically, the rotation problem is solved by numerically searching for an element in the manifold of orthogonal or oblique rotation matrices such that the rotated factor loadings minimize a pre‐specified complexity function. The widely used gradient projection (GP) algorithm, although simple to program and able to deal with both orthogonal and oblique rotation, is found to suffer from slow convergence when the number of manifest variables and/or the number of latent factors is large. The present work examines the effectiveness of two Riemannian second‐order algorithms, which respectively generalize the well‐established truncated Newton and trust‐region strategies for unconstrained optimization in Euclidean spaces, in solving the rotation problem. When approaching a local minimum, the second‐order algorithms usually converge superlinearly or even quadratically, better than first‐order algorithms that only converge linearly. It is further observed in Monte Carlo studies that, compared to the GP algorithm, the Riemannian truncated Newton and trust‐region algorithms require not only much fewer iterations but also much less processing time to meet the same convergence criterion, especially in the case of oblique rotation.

The COVID-19 pandemic presents challenges to psychological wellbeing, but how can we predict when people suffer or cope during sustained stress? Here, we test the prediction that specific types of momentary emotional experiences are differently linked to psychological wellbeing during the pandemic. Study 1 used survey data collected from 24,221 participants in 51 countries during the COVID-19 outbreak. We show that, across countries, wellbeing is linked to individuals’ recent emotional experiences, including calm, hope, anxiety, loneliness, and sadness. Consistent results are found in two age, sex, and ethnicity-representative samples in the United Kingdom (N = 971) and the United States (N=961) with pre-registered analyses (Study 2). A prospective 30-day daily diary study conducted in the United Kingdom (N = 110) confirms the key role of these five emotions, and demonstrates that emotional experiences precede changes in wellbeing (Study 3). Our findings highlight differential relationships between specific types of momentary emotional experiences and wellbeing, and point to the cultivation of calm and hope as candidate routes for wellbeing interventions during periods of sustained stress.