Fluorescent whitening agents (also called optical dyes) contain a large conjugated system. They can absorb invisible ultraviolet (UV) light and convert it into blue or purple visible light with a longer wavelength. [1][2][3][4] Therefore, fluorescent whitening agents can compensate for unwanted yellow in the matrix and make products appear whiter and brighter. As functional optical materials, they enable treated substrates to appear brighter and more pleasing to the eye, significantly enhancing their commercial value, 5-8 therefore fluorescent whitening agents are widely used in papermaking, 9,10 polyester fabrics, 11 coatings and paints. They can also be used as photo-electron transfer sensors, 12,13 fluorescent imaging materials, 14 pressure reversible sensors, 15 UV absorbers, 16 surface modifiers, 17 electroluminescent materials, 18 fluorescence switchers 19 and pathogen detection reagents. 20 Stilbene fluorescent whitening agents represent the main body of fluorescent whitening agents, accounting

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