Infrared thermographs (IRTs) implemented according to standardized best practices have shown strong potential for detecting elevated body temperatures (EBT), which may be useful in clinical settings and during infectious disease epidemics. However, optimal IRT calibration methods have not been established and the clinical performance of these devices relative to the more common non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) remains unclear. In addition to confirming the findings of our preliminary analysis of clinical study results, the primary intent of this study was to compare methods for IRT calibration and identify best practices for assessing the performance of IRTs intended to detect EBT. A key secondary aim was to compare IRT clinical accuracy to that of NCITs. We performed a clinical thermographic imaging study of more than 1000 subjects, acquiring temperature data from several facial locations that, along with reference oral temperatures, were used to calibrate two IRT systems based on seven different regression methods. Oral temperatures imputed from facial data were used to evaluate IRT clinical accuracy based on metrics such as clinical bias (Δcb), repeatability, root-mean-square difference, and sensitivity/specificity. We proposed several calibration approaches designed to account for the non-uniform data density across the temperature range and a constant offset approach tended to show better ability to detect EBT. As in our prior study, inner canthi or full-face maximum temperatures provided the highest clinical accuracy. With an optimal calibration approach, these methods achieved a Δcb between ±0.03 °C with standard deviation (σΔcb) less than 0.3 °C, and sensitivity/specificity between 84% and 94%. Results of forehead-center measurements with NCITs or IRTs indicated reduced performance. An analysis of the complete clinical data set confirms the essential findings of our preliminary evaluation, with minor differences. Our findings provide novel insights into methods and metrics for the clinical accuracy assessment of IRTs. Furthermore, our results indicate that calibration approaches providing the highest clinical accuracy in the 37–38.5 °C range may be most effective for measuring EBT. While device performance depends on many factors, IRTs can provide superior performance to NCITs.

Abstract. Lighting can affect the probability of crime. In order to establish safe and secure residential areas' lighting environment, the elements for crime prevention are researched. Originally propose 14 assessment indicators of lighting environment which can be recognized subjectively and may influence crime rate. They are horizontal illuminance illuminance uniformity surround ratio vertical illuminance threedimensional color rendering glare lamp pole height light pole distance lamp aesthetic lamp conciseness color temperature lamp distribution light source. The data came from residents in China. Through screening and giving weights by Analytic Hierarchy Process, there are 7 key assessment indicators left. Then give weights to the ultimate 7 key assessment indicators by Entropy Weight to verify their rank. The results show that 7 key assessment indicators have the same rank in contrast of the two methods. According to the crime prevention influence of the lighting environment, the sort is: vertical illuminance, horizontal illuminance, three-dimensional, color temperature, glare, uniformity of illuminance, color rendering.

No abstract

No abstract