Osteoporosis is an incurable chronic disease characterized by a lack of mineral mass in the bones. Here, the full recovery of osteoporotic bone is achieved by using a calcium phosphate polymer‐induced liquid‐precursor (CaP‐PILP). This free‐flowing CaP‐PILP material displays excellent bone inductivity and is able to readily penetrate into collagen fibrils and form intrafibrillar hydroxyapatite crystals oriented along the c‐axis. This ability is attributed to the microstructure of the material, which consists of homogeneously distributed ultrasmall (≈1 nm) amorphous calcium phosphate clusters. In vitro study shows the strong affinity of CaP‐PILP to osteoporotic bone, which can be uniformly distributed throughout the bone tissue to significantly increase the bone density. In vivo experiments show that the repaired bones exhibit satisfactory mechanical performance comparable with normal ones, following a promising treatment of osteoporosis by using CaP‐PILP. The discovery provides insight into the structure and property of biological nanocluster materials and their potential for hard tissue repair.

Tendinopathy is a common disease of the musculoskeletal system, particularly in athletes and sports amateurs. In this review, we will present evidence for the critical role of inflammatory mediators and immunocytes in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and the efficacy of current antiinflammatory therapy and regenerative medicine in the clinic. We hereby propose a hypothesis that in addition to pulling force there may be compressive forces being exerted on the tendon during physical activities, which may initiate the onset of tendinopathy.We performed literature searches on MEDLINE from the inception of this review to February 2018. No language restrictions were imposed. The search terms were as follows: ("Tendinopathy"[Mesh] OR "Tendon Injuries"[Mesh] OR "Tendinitis"[Mesh] OR "Tendon"[Mesh]) AND (Inflammation OR "Inflammatory mediator*" OR Immunocyte*) OR ("anti inflammatory*" OR "regenerative medicine"). Inclusion criteria included articles that were original and reliable, with the main contents being highly relevant to our review. Exclusion criteria included articles that were not available online or have not been published. We scanned the abstract of these articles first. This was then followed by a careful screening of the articles which might be suitable for our review. Finally, 84 articles were selected as references. This review article is written in the narrative form.The translational potential of this article: Understanding the mechanisms of inflammation and existing antiinflammatory and regenerative therapies is key to the development of therapeutic strategies in tendinopathy.