Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a highly successful technique used in commercial immunoassays for clinical diagnosis. Developing an ECL-based multiplex immunoassay, with the potential to enable high-throughput detection of multiple biomarkers simultaneously, remains a current research interest yet is limited by a narrow choice of ECL luminophores. Herein we report the synthesis, photophysics, electrochemistry, and ECL of several new ruthenium­(II) and iridium­(III) complexes, three of which are eventually used as signal reporters for multiplex immunoassay. The ECL behaviors of individual luminophores and their mixtures were investigated in multiple modes, including light intensity, spectrum, and image measurements. The spectral peak separation between Ru­(bpy)2(dvbpy)2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, dvbpy = 4,4′-bis­(4-vinylphenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine), and Ir­(dFCF3ppy)2(dtbbpy)+ (dFCF3ppy = 3,5-difluoro-2-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]­phenyl, dtbbpy = 4,4′-bis­(tert-butyl)-2,2′-bipyridine) was up to 145 nm, thus providing the spectrum-resolved possibility of identifying light signals. The potential-resolved ECL signals were achieved for the mixtures of Ir­(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) with either Ru­(bpy)2(dvbpy)2+ or Ir­(dFCF3ppy)2(dtbbpy)+, due to the self-annihilation ECL of Ir­(ppy)3 at higher potentials, as confirmed by electrochemistry-coupled mass spectrometry. A multiplex immunoassay free of spatial spotting antibodies on plates or substrates was ultimately devised by combining luminophore-loaded polymer beads with the homogeneous sandwich immunoreaction. Using potential and spectrum dual-resolved ECL as the readout signal, simultaneous recognition of three antigens, namely, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG), was demonstrated in a single run for a sample volume of 300 μL. These results contribute to the understanding of ECL generation by multiple luminophores and devising spot-free multiplex immunoassays with less sample consumption.

It is documented that exercise can increase serum cardiac troponins in adults and adolescents; however, there is a lack of related studies concerning the release of cardiac troponins in children. This study investigated the influence of table tennis training on cardiac biomarkers in children. Twenty-eight male children performed six 10-min forehand exercise sessions with 5-min recovery intervals. Serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and I (cTnI), and creatinine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) were assessed before exercise, immediately after the last 10 min of exercise (PEI), 4 h post-exercise (PE4), 24 h post-exercise (PE24), and 48 h post-exercise (PE48). Cardiac function was measured using an ultrasound system (GE Vivid7 Dimension) at rest state. Serum cTnT, cTnI, and CK-MB were significantly elevated from the PEI sample point, and returned to baseline at the PE48 sample point in children. Serum cTnT in four (14.29%), nine (32.14%), and two (7.14%) subjects at the PEI, PE4, and PE24 sample points, respectively, exceeded the cutoff for myocardial injury. At the PE4 sample point, cTnT in five subjects (17.86%) exceeded the cutoff for acute myocardial infarction. Serum cTnI in two (14.29%), seven (25%), and two (7.14 %) subjects at the PEI, PE4, and PE24 timepoints, respectively, exceeded the cutoff for myocardial injury. cTnI in two subjects (7.14%) exceeded the cutoff for acute myocardial infarction at the PE4 timepoint in children. Repeated bouts of table tennis forehand training can significantly increase the release of serum cardiac troponins in some children.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), also called electrogenerated chemiluminescence, is luminescence that is produced by chemical reactions triggered by electrochemical method. ECL imaging is a novel imaging technique, which can simultaneously provide two kinds of signals of both electrochemistry and optical image. Over the past two decades, ECL imaging has been not only a powerful tool for investigating the fundamental scientific questions such as ECL mechanisms and reaction kinetics, but also a versatile analytical technique for detection of a wide range of analytes including small molecules, DNA, proteins, and cells. In the first part of this review, we briefly describe the reaction mechanisms of ECL generation. Then the review focuses on the research progress on the ECL imaging approach. It is basically introduced from the following five aspects: (i) visualization of electroactive sites on surfaces, (ii) imaging analysis at the single-bead and single-cell levels, (iii) array bioanalysis, (iv) multi-color ECL imaging, and (v) paper chip based on ECL imaging. Finally, some perspectives and future directions in this active research area are presented.

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Pre-endurance training can decrease acute alcohol intake-induced damaged mitochondria accumulation and reduced acute alcohol intake-induced mitophagy, which built a new balance between mitophagy and damaged mitochondria accumulation.