We report that ANO1 (also known as TMEM16A) Ca 2+ -activated Cl − channels in small neurons from dorsal root ganglia are preferentially activated by particular pools of intracellular Ca 2+ . These ANO1 channels can be selectively activated by the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-induced release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores, but not by Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. This ability to discriminate between Ca 2+ pools was achieved by the tethering of ANO1-containing plasma membrane domains, which also contained GPCRs such as bradykinin receptor-2 and protease-activated receptor-2, to juxtamembrane regions of the endoplasmic reticulum. Interaction of the C-terminus and the first intracellular loop of ANO1 with IP 3 R1 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1) contributed to the tethering. Disruption of membrane microdomains blocked the ANO1 and IP 3 R1 interaction and resulted in the loss of coupling between GPCR signaling and ANO1. The junctional signaling complex enabled ANO1-mediated excitation in response to specific Ca 2+ signals rather than to global changes in intracellular Ca 2+ .

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Symptomatic patients had more intense contrast agent enhancement in the plaque than asymptomatic patients, suggesting that contrast-enhanced carotid US may be used for plaque risk stratification.

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Photocatalytic H 2 O 2 evolution through two-electron oxygen reduction has attracted wide attention as an environmentally friendly strategy compared with the traditional anthraquinone or electrocatalytic method. Herein, a biomimetic leaf-vein-like g-C 3 N 4 as an efficient photocatalyst for H 2 O 2 evolution is reported, which owns tenable band structure, optimized charge transfer, and selective two-electron O 2 reduction. The mechanism for the regulation of band structure and charge transfer is well studied by combining experiments and theoretical calculations. The H 2 O 2 yield of CN4 (287 µmol h −1) is about 3.3 times higher than that of pristine CN (87 µmol h −1), and the apparent quantum yield for H 2 O 2 evolution over CN4 reaches 27.8% at 420 nm, which is much higher than that for many other current photocatalysts. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the design of photocatalyst with excellent H 2 O 2 evolution efficiency, but also promotes deep understanding for the role of defect and doping sites on photocatalytic activity.