Plasmonic gold nanostructures are a prevalent tool in modern hypersensitive analytical techniques such as photoablation, bioimaging, and biosensing. Recent studies have shown that gold nanostructures generate transient nanobubbles through localized heating and have been found in various biomedical applications. However, the current method of plasmonic nanoparticle cavitation events has several disadvantages, specifically including small metal nanostructures (≤10 nm) which lack size control, tuneability, and tissue localization by use of ultrashort pulses (ns, ps) and high-energy lasers which can result in tissue and cellular damage. This research investigates a method to immobilize sub-10 nm AuNPs (3.5 and 5 nm) onto a chemically modified thiol-rich surface of Qβ virus-like particles. These findings demonstrate that the multivalent display of sub-10 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) caused a profound and disproportionate increase in photocavitation by upward of 5−7-fold and significantly lowered the laser fluency by 4-fold when compared to individual sub-10 nm AuNPs. Furthermore, computational modeling showed that the cooling time of QβAuNP scaffolds is significantly extended than that of individual AuNPs, proving greater control of laser fluency and nanobubble generation as seen in the experimental data. Ultimately, these findings showed how QβAuNP composites are more effective at nanobubble generation than current methods of plasmonic nanoparticle cavitation.

Rapid and sensitive diagnostics of infectious diseases is an urgent and unmet need as evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we report a novel strategy, based on DIgitAl plasMONic nanobubble Detection (DIAMOND), to address these gaps. Plasmonic nanobubbles are transient vapor bubbles generated by laser heating of plasmonic nanoparticles, and allow single-particle detection. Using gold nanoparticles labels and an optofluidic setup, we demonstrate that DIAMOND achieves a compartment-free digital counting and works on homogeneous assays without separation and amplification steps. When applied to the respiratory syncytial virus diagnostics, DIAMOND is 150 times more sensitive than commercial lateral flow assays and completes measurements within 2 minutes. Our method opens new possibilities to develop single-particle digital detection methods and facilitate rapid and ultrasensitive diagnostics.

Point-of-care detection of pathogens is critical to monitor and combat viral infections. Here, we demonstrate a plasmonic coupling assay (PCA) using gold nanourchins (AuNUs) as labels for the colorimetric quantification of viruses. The antibody functionalized AuNUs allow for rapid and highly specific identification of viruses and provide strong color change for sensitive detection. Using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a target, we demonstrate that the AuNU-based PCA achieves a detection limit of 1,402 PFU/mL (equivalent to 17 copies/μL) that is 3.1- and 5.7-times lower than the rod- and sphere-based counterparts, respectively. The improved detection sensitivity arises from the higher virus binding capability and stronger plasmonic coupling at long distances (~10 nm) by AuNU probes. The detection can be performed with a portable smartphone-based spectrometer and is validated by testing RSV-spiked nasal swab clinical samples. Our study reports a rapid and sensitive approach for intact virus detection and provides a potential toolkit at the point of care.

Point-of-care detection of pathogens is critical to monitor and combat viral infections. The plasmonic coupling assay (PCA) is a homogeneous assay and allows rapid, one-step, and colorimetric detection of intact viruses. However, PCA lacks sufficient sensitivity, necessitating further mechanistic studies to improve the detection performance of PCA. Here, we demonstrate that gold nanourchins (AuNUs) provide significantly improved colorimetric detection of viruses in PCA. Using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a target, we demonstrate that the AuNU-based PCA achieves a detection limit of 1400 PFU/mL, or 17 genome equivalent copies/μL. Mechanistic studies suggest that the improved detection sensitivity arises from the higher virus-binding capability and stronger plasmonic coupling at long distances (∼10 nm) by AuNU probes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the virus detection with a portable smartphone-based spectrometer using RSV-spiked nasal swab clinical samples. Our study uncovers important mechanisms for the sensitive detection of intact viruses in PCA and provides a potential toolkit at the point of care.