Prospective memory (PM) refers to memory for future intentions. Difference due to memory (Dm effect) is the difference in neural activity related to stimuli that were subsequently remembered or forgotten. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), the present study investigated the Dm effect for PM using a subsequent task-switching paradigm. The results showed that a Dm effect of ERP P150 was more positive-going for later PM hit trials than for later PM forgotten trials during 100-200 ms. This Dm effect may reflect the process for the production of future intention or the process for attention. Consistent with previously reported Dm effects of other types of memory, we found that the fbN2 (250-280 ms) and late positivity component (400-700 ms) were stronger in later PM hit trials than in forgotten trials. The fbN2 was evoked by Chinese characters. The late positivity component was related to the precise encoding process. In conclusion, because of the early P150, PM encoding appears to be somewhat different from previously identified Dm effects. However, further research is needed. Our findings reveal that Dm effects of PM share similar characteristics with known Dm effects of other types of episodic memory after the very early stage of neural processing.

Purpose:This study used proteomics to analyze the changes in serum proteomics between tourette’s syndrome (TS) children and healthy children in order to find serum biomarkers that can distinguish TS children from healthy children.Experimental design: We analyzed the serum proteome of 60 TS children and 30 healthy controls children using magnetic bead-based weak cation exchange (MB-WCX) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Next, we identified candidate biomarkers using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Candidate biomarkers were then validated using ELISA and western blotting.Results: 59 peaks were identified and the expression fold changes of seven peaks in the two groups were greater than 1.9. Two peaks (m/z: 6443.34 Da; m/z: 6642.05 Da;) tended to be upregulated, whilefive peaks (m/z: 863.13 Da; m/z: 2175.98 Da; m/z: 2191.841 Da; m/z: 2277.19 Da;m/z: 2293.11 Da) tended to be down-regulated in TS group. The peak for a 2191.84 Da peptide was identified as FGA (Isoform 1 of the Fibrinogen alpha chain precursor, FGA);The peak for a 2175.98 Da peptide was identified as PKM2 (Isoform M2 of Pyruvate kinase isozymes,PKM2);The peak for a 2277.19 Da peptide was identified as GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH);The peak for a 863.13 Da peptide was identified as PROC (Vitamin K-dependent protein C,PROC).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses revealed that the expression of FGA and PKM2 were significantly higher in TS children than healthy controls children. Conclusion: FGA and PKM2 may be potential serum biomarkers to distinguish TS children from healthy children.