Résumé L'érosion des côtes à falaises est souvent exprimée par le biais des vitesses de recul du rivage. Ces taux de retrait donnent une bonne appréciation de leur érosion, mais ils masquent une partie du problème, c'est-à-dire les processus par lesquels les falaises sont érodées. Une étude diachronique des évolutions d'une partie de la côte crayeuse du Pays de Caux (Normandie, France) basée sur la comparaison des plans cadastraux et de photographies aériennes, ainsi que sur une approche naturaliste associée à des mesures de terrain, a permis de mesurer les vitesses de retrait de ces falaises et d'identifier chacun des processus d'érosion qui les affectent. Les modalités des évolutions de ce rivage à falaises peuvent alors être proposées en y incluant les impacts récents des activités anthropiques. Les processus marins interviennent essentiellement dans la mobilisation des sédiments littoraux et dans l'évacuation des accumulations des produits de l'érosion subaérienne ; l'érosion des falaises est principalement dominée par les processus subaériens qui déterminent les mouvements de masse volumineux dont les débris recouvrent la plate-forme littorale au pied des falaises. Comme ces accumulations massives persistent durant plusieurs décennies, elles réduisent l'alimentation des accumulations littorales de galets en aval de la dérive et elles favorisent l'attaque du pied des falaises adjacentes par les vagues. L'intensification des activités humaines sur le rivage par le biais de la construction de jetées et d'épis perpendiculaires au trait de côte ainsi que les extractions des galets de silex qui ont réduit l'alimentation naturelle des cordons de galets ont renforcé la fragilisation des falaises. De ce fait, les vitesses de retrait des falaises et le nombre moyen de mouvements de masse annuels ont été doublés au cours de la seconde moitié du siècle dernier.
International audienceIn shield and platform areas, various methods are expected to give indications on surface ages, e.g. dating of weathering mantles or reconstruction of the thermal history of upper crust rocks which presently crop out. Radiochronometry and thermochronology were widely used in the last decades to give estimated denudation depths and rates in active orogens as well as in shield and platform areas. Although usefully integrated in the modern geomorphology, these methods sometimes reveal discrepancies with the results of field-based geomorphology. The principles of morphostratigraphy are first presented, and then the paper presents a review of some French researches, which were recently carried out in Québec, north-eastern Brazil and southern Africa. We explain why possible discrepancies occur between the results of physical analyses and morphostratigraphic methods. Finally the paper highlights how significant is to relate the thermal history of each sample to the local geological and geomorphic history
Though climatic geomorphology has long been perceived as providing a realistic framework for landform analysis, only the arid, nival and glacial systems and some constructional forms on the coast are readily identified in the landscape, present and past, as climatically zonal in character. Of course these features together account for a substantial part of the Earth's land surface at present. Nevertheless, the remaining areas have been subdivided into morphogenetic regions said to be characterized by distinctive landform assemblages. Even in those regions shaped by distinctive climatically driven processes, however, structural forms and those of etch origin are significant components, as they are also in humid tropical and midlatitude lands. In addition, various landforms are shaped by processes and mechanisms which, though climatically generated, vary genetically, and are active in a wide range of conventionally delineated climatic regions. They transgress arbitrary climatic boundaries. The climatic factor in landform development is by no means as clear cut and simple as was once thought and is certainly not of over-riding importance over at least half the world's land surface.
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