Neuromedin U (NMU) is a highly conserved endogenous peptide that is involved in a wide range of physiological processes such as regulation of feeding behavior, the stress response and nociception. The major limitation to use NMU as a therapeutic is its short half-life. Here, we describe the development of a set of novel NMU-analogs based on NMU-8, by introducing unnatural amino acids into the native sequence. This approach shows that it is possible to generate molecules with increased potency and improved plasma stability without major changes of the peptidic nature or the introduction of large conjugates. When compared to the native NMU-8 peptide, compounds 16, 18 and 20 have potent agonist activity and affinity for both NMU receptors. Selectivity towards NMUR1 was observed when the Phe residue in position 4 was modified, whereas higher potencies at NMUR2 were found when substitutions of the Pro residue in position 6 were executed. To study the effect of the modifications on the proteolytic stability of the molecules, an in vitro stability assay in human plasma at 37 °C was performed. All analyzed analogs possessed an increased resistance against enzymatic degradation in human plasma resulting in half-lifes from 4 min for NMU-8, up to more than 23 h for compound 42.

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Peptide hydrogels are a highly promising class of materials for biomedical application, albeit facing many challenges with regard to stability and tunability. Here, we report a new class of amphipathic peptide hydrogelators, namely mixed α/β-peptide hydrogelators. These mixed α/β-gelators possess good rheological properties (high storage moduli) and form transparent self-supporting gels with shear-thinning behavior. Infrared spectroscopy indicates the presence of β-sheets as the underlying secondary structure. Interestingly, self-assembled nanofibers of the mixed α/β-peptides display unique structural morphologies with alteration of the C-terminus (acid vs amide) playing a key role in the fiber formation and gelation properties of the resulting hydrogels. The incorporation of β3-homoamino acid residues within the mixed α/β-peptide gelators led to an increase in proteolytic stability of the peptides under nongelating conditions (in solution) as well as gelating conditions (as hydrogel). Under diluted conditions, degradation of mixed α/β-peptides in the presence of elastase was slowed down 120-fold compared to that of an α-peptide, thereby demonstrating beneficial enzymatic resistance for hydrogel applications in vivo. In addition, increased half-life values were obtained for the mixed α/β-peptides in human blood plasma, as compared to corresponding α-peptides. It was also found that the mixed α/β-peptides were amenable to injection via needles used for subcutaneous administrations. The preformed peptide gels could be sheared upon injection and were found to quickly reform to a state close to that of the original hydrogel. The shown properties of enhanced proteolytic stability and injectability hold great promise for the use of these novel mixed α/β-peptide hydrogels for applications in the areas of tissue engineering and drug delivery.

Chronic pain is currently treated with opioids that offer unsatisfactory long-term analgesia and produce serious side effects. There is a clear need for alternative therapies. Herein, peptide-based hydrogels are used as extended-release drug delivery carriers. Two different formulations were developed: the drug is coformulated within the hydrogel; the drug is an integral part of the hydrogelator. Both strategies afford a prolonged and significant antinociception up to 72 h after subcutaneous administration in mice.