A series of poly(ether sulfone)‐based anion exchange membranes (AEMs), tethering with guanidinium side chains with different spacers, were synthesized via azide‐alkyne cycloaddition, deprotection, and the subsequent ion exchange reactions. The designed polymer structures were verified by the 1H NMR spectra. Because of the appropriate water uptake and formation of interconnected ionic clusters, the GPES‐3C with propyl spacer showed higher conductivity than the GPES‐1C and GPES‐9C, with methylene and nonyl spacers, respectively. Comparatively, the GPES‐EO AEM with two ethylene oxide (EO) spacers exhibited even higher conductivity, these can be interpreted by interconnectivity of ionic channels and hydrophilicity nature of the EO spacer. Additionally, although the GPES membranes displayed sufficient thermal stability, the chemical stability of as‐prepared materials needs to be much improved for fuel cell applications. Overall, these results demonstrated that the properties of “pendent‐type” AEM can be tuned facilely by the spacer types and lengths. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1313–1321

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Primary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney with urothelial carcinoma is very rare, and it has a unique pathomorphology and immunohistochemical phenotype. Since it is easily missed diagnosed or misdiagnosed, it needs to be differentiated from a variety of other tumors. In addition to poor prognosis, the carcinoma also has strong invasive ability. The clinicopathological characteristics, immunohistochemical phenotype, and diagnosis and differential diagnosis of four patients with primary small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with urothelial carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed, and the relevant literature was reviewed. Three cases occurred in the left kidney and one case occurred in the right kidney. The main clinical symptoms were gross hematuria and waist pain. Tumor histological morphology and immunohistochemical markers support small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with urothelial carcinoma.