An important issue in the United Nations plan for the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is how to enhance the overall social–ecological benefits by optimizing the spatial and temporal arrangements of ecological restoration. However, there was a lack of a benefit assessment system combining ecological, social, and economic indicators, and the methodology for identifying directions for ecological restoration remains controversial, especially in mining landscapes. By integrating the aesthetic viewing service into assessments of ecological restoration benefits on mining landscapes, four benefit objectives were evaluated, including habitat conservation, climate regulation, residential viewsheds, and conservation cost, and a multi‐objective optimization for ecological restoration of mining landscapes was performed. The results demonstrated that multiobjective ecological restoration could provide comprehensive ecological–social–economic benefits compared with a single‐objective restoration, since selecting the top 50% of the multiobjective restoration areas would achieve 80% climate regulation, 63% habitat protection, and 54% residential viewshed benefits and would result in 295%, 200%, and 114% higher benefits, respectively, than the minimization cost objective. The restoration priority map showed that only 17% of the landscape needed to be restored to forest among the top 30% of degraded areas that need to be restored. In conclusion, ecological restoration of mining landscapes required attention to win–win situations with multiobjectives. Coordinated arrangement of restoration of different ecosystems in different ages was the key to obtaining maximum socioecological benefits.

Abstract. The wet-bulb temperature (WBT; TW) comprehensively characterizes the temperature and humidity of the thermal environment and is a relevant variable to describe the energy regulation of the human body. The daily maximum TW can be effectively used in monitoring humid heat waves and their effects on health. Because meteorological stations differ in temporal resolution and are susceptible to non-climatic influences, it is difficult to provide complete and homogeneous long-term series. In this study, based on the sub-daily station-based HadISD (Met Office Hadley Centre Integrated Surface Database) dataset and integrating the NCEP-DOE reanalysis dataset, the daily maximum TW series of 1834 stations that have passed quality control were homogenized and reconstructed using the method of Climatol. These stations form a new dataset of global station-based daily maximum TW (GSDM-WBT) from 1981 to 2020. Compared with other station-based and reanalysis-based datasets of TW, the average bias was −0.48 and 0.34 ∘C, respectively. The GSDM-WBT dataset handles stations with many missing values and possible inhomogeneities, and also avoids the underestimation of the TW calculated from reanalysis data. The GSDM-WBT dataset can effectively support the research on global or regional extreme heat events and humid heat waves. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7014332 (Dong et al., 2022).

Abstract. The wet-bulb temperature (WBT) comprehensively characterizes the temperature and humidity of the thermal environment and is a relevant variable to describe the energy regulation of the human body. The daily maximum WBT can be effectively used in monitoring humid heatwaves and the response on human health. Because meteorological stations differ in temporal resolution and are susceptible to non-climatic influences, it is difficult to provide complete and homogeneous long-term series. In this study, based on the sub-daily station-based dataset of HadISD and integrating the NCEP-DOE reanalysis dataset, the daily maximum WBT series of 1834 stations that have passed quality control were homogenized and reconstructed using the method of Climatol. These form a new data set of global station-based daily maximum WBT (GSDM-WBT) from 1981 to 2020. Compared with other station-based and reanalysis-based datasets of WBT, the average bias was -0.48 °C and 0.34 °C respectively. GSDM-WBT handles stations with many missing values and possible inhomogeneities, and also offsets the underestimation of the WBT calculated from reanalysis data. The GSDM-WBT dataset can effectively support the research on global or regional extreme heat events and humid heatwaves. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7014332 (Dong et al. 2022).

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<p>Facing the dual threats of climate and socio-economic changes, how the social-ecological systems (SES) in the Tibet Autonomous Region can seize the opportunity of ecological restoration to enhance the quality of the environment while improving the relationship between human and nature is of great significance to promote the regional sustainable development. Thus, regarding human as the key component, we used Ostrom’s SES framework as an analytical fundation to analyze the impact of the implementation of ecological engineering on local human-policy-resource connection. We distributed questionnaires for local residents, distinguished experimental groups (EG, n=325) and control groups (CG,n =165), and used a network approach to construct indicators for assessing effectiveness of ecological engineering, including overall connectivity and evenness. Meanwhile, random forest regression was used to explore the background variables of the dominant connection and accordingly proposed subsequent directions for optimal governance. We found that interviewees in areas where ecological engineering was implemented had more positive perceptions of the importance of ecosystem services, the relationship between ecological conservation and well-being, attitudes toward ecological engineering, and the impact of measures. The overall connectivity and evenness of EG were significantly higher than that of CG. The implementation of ecological engineering enhanced the connection between local people and the environment, but caused some inconvenience to local residents’ livelihoods. Besides, elevation and annual precipitation were the background variables that dominated the overall connectivity. The overall connectivity was lower in alpine steppes with elevation of around 4000 m and semi-arid areas with annual precipitation around 400-500 mm. The implementation of ecological engineering played a positive role in alleviating human-nature relationship in tensions and promoting collective governance of common pool resources, but the governance process still involved risks. Safeguarding and improving the residents’ livelihoods and enhancing the regional weak SES coupling due to geographical constraints are the future directions for optimal governance.</p>