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Conductive ionenes were synthesized by integrating the electron donor dialkoxynaphthalene (DAN) with the electron acceptor naphthalene diimide (NDI) using the Menshutkin reaction. The crystallinity and morphology of the films of these polymers can be optimized by varying the DAN-to-NDI ratio. These ionenes show strong charge transfer from DAN to NDI, though absent conjugated backbones, affording self-doping polymers with enhanced π–π interactions and excellent electronic properties. This is the first example where an electron donor can dope the electron acceptor in nonconjugated polymers, opening a new avenue for designing efficient interlayer materials. These ionenes markedly modify the electrode interface and promote efficient interfacial self-doping to boost the performance of fullerene-based, non-fullerene-based, and ternary organic solar cells, affording high power conversion efficiencies over a wide range of interlayer thicknesses, from ∼8 to ∼40 nm, with a maximum efficiency of 17.05%.

The establishment of an internal flowfield inside a single water droplet subjected to shock-wave impact is numerically and theoretically investigated. The main focus is on the description of the droplet internal flow pattern, which is believed to be one of the dominant factors in initial droplet deformation. The droplet internal flow pattern holds steady for quite a long time after the incident shock passage, and a saddle point is observed for the first time. Accordingly, the saddle point inside the droplet flow is used as a characteristic point to describe the internal flow. Cases of different incident shock strengths are tested, and a theoretical prediction is proposed to delineate the correlation between the saddle point steady position and the strength of the incident shock wave. The numerical cases are found to be in good agreement with the prediction. The present study helps to complete the understanding of the overall droplet aerobreakup phenomenon.