With the development of neurological and brain science, human beings have more understanding of the memory mechanism of the brain. Therefore, using the memory mechanism of the brain to store and retrieve images is one of the most popular research fields in the world. Memory is an important part of the human cognitive system, and it is the basis for the realization of higher-level cognitive activities. Human perception and memory are closely related. If people lose the ability to perceive, then people’s memory function will not be able to display. The current storage and extraction of brain information are mostly based on mathematical principles, without considering the memory mechanism in the brain, so the correctness and effectiveness of these methods are not high. Therefore, this study adopts an intelligent algorithm based on PCNN to denoise, segment, identify, and retrieve images. On this basis, a new learning method is adopted. This method can realize online incremental learning and can realize the storage of brain image data without predetermining the size and structure of the network. And when necessary, the information is extracted or not based on the distance between the detected versus the stored data. The test shows that when the number of images is 25, the present technique has an accuracy of 100% and the time required is 2345 s. Compared with the median filtering method, the efficiency of the present technique is greater.