In recent years, China’s industrial economy has grown rapidly and steadily. Concurrently, carbon emissions have gradually increased, among which agricultural production is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. It is necessary to reduce agricultural carbon emissions by improving their efficiency to achieve the global goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions in 2030. From a dynamic and static point of view, this study puts agricultural carbon emissions into the evaluation index system of agricultural carbon emission efficiency and analyzes the agricultural carbon emission efficiency and its influencing factors in Hubei Province. First, the unexpected output Slacks-based measure (SBM) model in data envelopment analysis was used to evaluate the agricultural carbon emission efficiency of Hubei Province in 2018 and compared it with other provinces horizontally. Second, the Malmquist–Luenberger index was used to analyze the comprehensive efficiency of agricultural carbon emissions in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018. The role of technological progress and technical efficiency change in the development of low-carbon agriculture in Hubei Province was analyzed. The results showed that agricultural production efficiency in Hubei Province improved from 2004 to 2018, and the overall level was slightly higher than the average level in China. However, agriculture has not eliminated the extensive development modes of high input, low efficiency, high emission, and high pollution. The efficiency of technological progress in agricultural resource utilization in Hubei Province was close to the optimal level. The improvement space was small. Hence, the low efficiency of agricultural technology is a key factor restricting the improvement of agricultural production efficiency. The results provide a reference for low-carbon agricultural policy formulation and expand the policy choice path. This has practical significance.

The electron transport layer (ETL) with excellent charge extraction and transport ability is one of the key components of high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). SnO2 has been considered as a more promising ETL for the future commercialization of PSCs due to its excellent photoelectric properties and easy processing. Herein, we propose a facile and effective ETL modification strategy based on the incorporation of methylenediammonium dichloride (MDACl2) into the SnO2 precursor colloidal solution. The effects of MDACl2 incorporation on charge transport, defect passivation, perovskite crystallization, and PSC performance are systematically investigated. First, the surface defects of the SnO2 film are effectively passivated, resulting in the increased conductivity of the SnO2 film, which is conducive to electron extraction and transport. Second, the MDACl2 modification contributes to the formation of high-quality perovskite films with improved crystallinity and reduced defect density. Furthermore, a more suitable energy level alignment is achieved at the ETL/perovskite interface, which facilitates the charge transport due to the lower energy barrier. Consequently, the MDACl2-modified PSCs exhibit a champion efficiency of 22.30% compared with 19.62% of the control device, and the device stability is also significantly improved.

Human clostridia play a very important role in the human gastrointestinal tract. In this study, an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) model was established using the water avoidance stress (WAS) method, Mice subjected to WAS were treated with saline, human clostridial solution (enriched with human clostridial cluster IV), prucalopride, the TPH antagonist PCPA or the 5-HT4 antagonist RS39604 for 1 week. TPH1, 5-HT4, PKA, CREB, and pCREB expression decreased in the distal colon and hippocampus of WAS mice, colonic SLC6A4 expression decreased and hippocampal SLC6A4 expression increased, and the number of 5-HT4-positive cells decreased. Human clostridia treatment was superior to the remaining treatments after 1 week; Clostridia-treated mice showed increased colonic and hippocampal expression of TPH1 and 5-HT4 signaling pathway-related proteins, increased colonic expression of SLC6A4, decreased hippocampal SLC6A4 expression, and increased numbers of 5-HT4-positive colonic cells. The use of PCPA or RS39604 influenced the effect of bacterial solution treatment, and human clostridia elevated fecal isovaleric acid levels. In conclusion, human clostridia improved visceral hypersensitivity by upregulating 5-HT4 signaling protein expression in the distal colon and hippocampus, demonstrating its therapeutic potential.

Cuproptosis is a form of cell death that is considered as a new direction for future cancer therapy. It has been less reported in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Download transcriptomic data, genomic mutation data and clinical data for STAD from the TCGA website. We identified 430 cuproptosis-related long noncoding RNA (LncRNAs). Cox models screened 8 cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (AC005050.3, AC016394.2, AL606970.1, BX890604.1, C5orf66, HAGLR, LINC01094, TDRKH- AS1), and the risk model were constructed. Based on the median risk score, STAD patients were divided into a high-risk group and a low-risk group. kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the low-risk group had a higher survival rate than the high-risk group. Operating characteristic curve and principal component analysis showed that the model had better predictive power. The tumor mutational burden was higher in the low-risk group, suggesting greater sensitivity to immunotherapy, and subsequently screening for sensitive drugs in different risk groups. Finally, qPT-PCR results showed that eight lncRNAs were highly expressed in STAD cells. In conclusion, these 8 LncRNAs may be potential biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of STAD patients and assessing the effect of immunotherapy and drug sensitivity in the future.

Background Clostridium improves intestinal motility by modulating intestinal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels. However, there are few studies on human clostridia. Aims To evaluate whether human clostridia improves visceral hypersensitivity through the 5-HT4 pathway. Methods An irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) model was established using water avoidance stress (WAS) mice. WAS mice were treated with saline, human clostridial solution (enriched with Clostridium clusters IV ), prucalopride, PCPA, or RS39604 for 1 week, and group differences in body weight, fecal traits, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), and electromyography results were evaluated. Group differences in SLC6A4, TPH1, 5-HT4, PKA, CREB, and pCREB expression in the distal colon and hippocampus and in the number of 5-HT4-expressing intestinal cells were also evaluated. Fecal short-chain fatty acid levels were measured. Results WAS mice showed slower body weight gain, lower fecal water content and Bristol score, and higher visceral sensitivity than the normal group. 5-HT4, PKA, CREB, and pCREB levels and the number of 5-HT4-expressing intestinal cells were lower in the distal colon and hippocampus in WAS mice than in normal mice. After 1 week, human clostridia treatment was superior to other treatments, and the levels of 5-HT4 signaling protein in the intestine and hippocampus and 5-HT4-expressing intestinal cells increased. The TPH1 antagonist PCPA or the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist RS39604 could interfere with the therapeutic effect of the bacterial solution, and human clostridia elevated fecal isovaleric acid levels. Conclusion Human clostridia improved visceral hypersensitivity by upregulating 5-HT4 signaling protein expression in the distal colon and hippocampus, demonstrating its therapeutic potential.