Objective:In most countries, nearly 6% of the adults are suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which puts a huge economic burden on the society. Moreover, COPD has been considered as an independent risk factor for pulmonary embolism (PE). In this review, we summarized the existing evidence that demonstrates the associations between COPD exacerbation and PE from various aspects, including epidemiology, pathophysiological changes, risk factors, clinical features, management, and prognosis.Data Sources:We searched the terms “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,” “pulmonary embolism,” “exacerbations,” and “thromboembolic” in PubMed database and collected the results up to April 2018. The language was limited to English.Study Selection:We thoroughly examined the titles and abstracts of all studies that met our search strategy. The data from prospective studies, meta-analyses, retrospective studies, and recent reviews were selected for preparing this review.Results:The prevalence of PE in patients with COPD exacerbation varied a lot among different studies, mainly due to the variations in race, sample size, study design, research setting, and enrollment criteria. Overall, whites and African Americans showed significantly higher prevalence of PE than Asian people, and the hospitalized patients showed higher prevalence of PE compared to those who were evaluated in emergency department. PE is easily overlooked in patients with COPD exacerbation due to the similar clinical symptoms. However, several factors have been identified to contribute to the increased risk of PE during COPD exacerbation. Obesity and lower limb asymmetry were described as independent predictors for PE. Moreover, due to the high risk of PE, thromboprophylaxis has been used as an important treatment for hospitalized patients with COPD exacerbation.Conclusions:According to the previous studies, COPD patients with PE experienced an increased risk of death and prolonged length of hospital stay. Therefore, the thromboembolic risk in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, especially in the hospitalized patients, should carefully be evaluated.

The accurate, continuous analysis of healthcare-relevant gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) in a humid environment remains elusive for low-cost, stretchable gas sensing devices. This study presents the design and demonstration of a moisture-resistant, stretchable NOx gas sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG). Sandwiched between a soft elastomeric substrate and a moisture-resistant semipermeable encapsulant, the LIG sensing and electrode layer is first optimized by tuning laser processing parameters such as power, image density, and defocus distance. The gas sensor, using a needlelike LIG prepared with optimal laser processing parameters, exhibits a large response of 4.18‰ ppm−1 to NO and 6.66‰ ppm−1 to NO2, an ultralow detection limit of 8.3 ppb to NO and 4.0 ppb to NO2, fast response/recovery, and excellent selectivity. The design of a stretchable serpentine structure in the LIG electrode and strain isolation from the stiff island allows the gas sensor to be stretched by 30%. Combined with a moisture-resistant property against a relative humidity of 90%, the reported gas sensor has further been demonstrated to monitor the personal local environment during different times of the day and analyze human breath samples to classify patients with respiratory diseases from healthy volunteers. Moisture-resistant, stretchable NOx gas sensors can expand the capability of wearable devices to detect biomarkers from humans and exposed environments for early disease diagnostics.

PurposeThe aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of thrombolytic treatment in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism (PE).MethodsAn electronic search was carried out based on the databases from MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index (SCI), and the Cochrane Library. We included prospective, randomized, and clinical trials in thrombolysis with heparin alone in adults who had evidence of right ventricular dysfunction and normotension. The main endpoints consist of mortality, recurrent PE, and bleeding risk. The relative risk (RR) and the relevant 95% confidence intervals were determined by the dichotomous variable.ResultsOnly seven studies involving 594 patients met the inclusion criteria for further review. The cumulative effect of thrombolysis, compared with intravenous heparin, demonstrated no statistically significant difference in mortality (2.7% versus 4.3%; RR=0.64 [0.29–1.40]; P=0.27) or recurrent PE (2% versus 5%; RR=0.44 [0.19–1.05]; P=0.06). Thrombolytic therapy did not increase major hemorrhage compared with intravenous heparin (4.5% versus 3.3%; RR=1.16 [0.51–2.60]; P=0.73), but it was associated with an increased minor hemorrhage (41% versus 9%; RR=3.91 [1.46–10.48]; P=0.007).ConclusionCompared with heparin alone, neither mortality nor recurrent PE is reduced by thrombolysis in patients with submassive PE, and it does not reveal an increasing risk of major bleeding. In addition, thrombolysis also produces the increased risk of minor bleeding; however, no sufficient evidence verifies the thrombolytic benefit in this review, because the number of patients enrolled in the trials is limited. Therefore, a large, double-blind clinical trial is required to prove the outcomes of this meta-analysis.

Purpose: COPD-OSA (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-obstructive sleep apnea) overlap syndrome is associated with more frequent COPD acute exacerbations than COPD without OSA. With the application of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in COPD, bronchiectasis is commonly detected and is associated with disease severity. Sleep respiratory disease is also associated with bronchiectasis; however, the correlation between OSA and coexisted bronchiectasis in COPD (COPD-Bx) has not been reported yet. Patients and Methods: A total of 124 consecutive patients with stable COPD were enrolled. All subjects completed the chest HRCT and nocturnal polysomnography (PSG). The scores of extent and severity in bronchiectasis were assessed based on the Smith method and the Bhalla scoring system. Clinical data, questionnaire, routine blood test data, blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Immunoglobulin E, and the lymphocyte subtype were collected. Results: Among all enrolled patients, 56.45% (70/124) were diagnosed as COPD-OSA based on the results of PSG screening. Bronchiectasis was detected in 42.86% (30/70) of the patients with COPD-OSA, but in 18.52% (10/54) of the patients without OSA (χ2=8.264, p=0.004). PSG screening revealed that COPD with OSA had a significantly higher apneahypopnea index and percent of time spent with oxygen saturation below 90% (T90). Higher values of CRP, T90, and lower CD4/CD8 in the COPD-Bx with OSA were detected compared to COPD-Bx without OSA. Correlation analysis showed that the Bhalla severity score was related to CD8 cell count (r=0.446, p<0.05) and CD4/CD8 (r=−0.357, p<0.05) in all the COPD-Bx patients. The Smith extent score was also associated with the values of CD8 count (r=0.388, p<0.05) and CD4/CD8 (r=−0.381, p<0.05). Conclusion: The comorbid bronchiectasis was more common in COPD-OSA overlap syndrome patient and may be related to more severe hypoxia and increased systemic inflammation.

Background Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) has a high mortality in HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. The occurrence and development of PCP are believed to be correlated with the level of lymphocytes and their subsets. The aim of this study was to determine if the levels of lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin are associated with PCP. Methods A total of 74 immunocompromised patients were enrolled in this single-center cohort study. Diagnosis of PCP was based on the relevant pulmonary symptoms and radiological imaging, and the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in BAL fluid or biopsy tissue by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). All patients were divided into two groups (PCP group and non-PCP group) and the patients in PCP group were then divided into two groupsbased on the outcome of the disease during the hospitalization. Results We observed a significant lower level of IgG ( p =0.000) and B lymphocyte counts ( p =0.017) in the PCP group comparing to that in the non-PCP group. CD4+ T cell counts, as well as the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in circulation and BAL fluid were also lower in the PCP group comparing to those in the non-PCP group. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the PCP group was significantly higher than that in the non-PCP group ( p =0.029). In the PCP group, a lower level of total lymphocytes ( p =0.004), T cells ( p =0.001), CD4+ cells ( p =0.001), and CD8+ cells ( p =0.007), as well as the proportion of lymphocytes in BAL fluid ( p =0.000) were found in deceased patients comparing to those in the survived group. Conclusion Our study revealed an important role of humoral immunity in the infection of Pneumocystis jirovecii . The level of B cells and IgG could be used as a supplement to predict the occurrence of PCP. The level of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly correlated with the outcome of PCP.