To reduce industrial wastewater emissions, likely scenarios involve saving water in the production process or treating the emissions that are discharged. In this regard, our paper aims to evaluate the costs of these two paths and then analyze whether the industrial sector has made a good trade-off. In particular, we measured costs of the two paths by shadow prices of water use and wastewater emissions, and then we built a non-parametric input–output model to produce the estimates. For 2015, the shadow price of water use was 37.85 RMB/ton at the national level, which indicated the marginal cost of saving each ton of water was 37.864 RMB and that of wastewater emissions was 141.759 RMB/ton, which meant that the marginal cost of abating each ton of wastewater emissions was 141.759 RMB. Over the period 2004–2015, both shadow prices exhibited an upward trend at the national and regional levels, which suggested there was an increased cost to reduce emissions. However, the two shadow prices did not follow a common trend, but deviated from each other in most of China’s provinces, which resulted in a bad trade-off between the two scenarios. As a result, the bad trade-off not only lowered the efficiency to reduce emissions, but it was also linked to a high cost.

Among 1.38 billion people in China, approximately forty-two percent of the population reside in rural areas. Farmers’ willingness to adopt clean energy is crucial to policy makers, planners and business developers as China will begin its Paris Agreement implementation in 2020. For Chinese government, switching energy sources will be a monumental task. To understand farmers’ opinions, 527 farmers were surveyed in Jilin Province of Northeast China, and nearly 83% of them burn coal and dried stalk/straw to heat homes and cook food. Their willingness to adopt clean energy is assessed in four different areas: attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and socioeconomic characteristics. A binary logistic regression model is establish with one dependent variable (willingness to adopt clean energy) and twelve independent variables: 1. Quality of life, 2. Monthly expenses, 3. Environment benefits, 4. Government commitments, 5. Appraisal from neighbors and friends, 6. Local clean energy market maturity, 7. Switching costs, 8. Savings in labors, 9. Technical guidance and periodical maintenance instructions, 10. Age, 11. Education level, and 12. Household annual income. Our results indicate that nine variables (X1 – X5, X7 – X9 and X12) have apparent impacts on the farmers’ willingness to adopt clean energies. The impacts from X1, X3 – X5, X8 – X9 and X12 are positive, while that from X2 and X7 are negative. Implications of the results are discussed, along with policy suggestions.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MP-AzeFlu nasal spray in comparison to commercially available azelastine and fluticasone sprays in Chinese patients with moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active controlled prospective clinical study in adult and adolescent patients with AR, who had moderate-to-severe symptoms. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in combined 12-hour reflective total nasal symptom score (rTNSS) (Morning [AM] + afternoon [PM]). The safety profile of the study medications was assessed through the recording, reporting, and analysis of baseline medical conditions, adverse events (AEs), vital signs, and focused nasal examination. 300 patients per treatment group were randomized which led to a total sample size estimation of 900 patients. Results: MP-AzeFlu group showed significantly higher symptom reduction for the entire 2-week treatment period in rTNSS when compared with the AZE group (LS mean difference: -1.96; 95% CI: −2.53, −1.39; p < 0.0001), or the FLU group (LS mean difference: -0.98; 95% CI: −1.55, −0.41; p = 0.0007). The results of Adult RQLQ showed improvement in QoL in all treatment groups. Except for dysgeusia (bitter taste) that was reported by more patients (13 [4.3%]) in the MP-AzeFlu group, the incidence of all other TEAEs in the MP-AzeFlu group was comparable or even lower than in other treatment groups. Conclusion: MP-AzeFlu, when administered as 1 spray per nostril twice daily for 14 days, alleviated AR symptoms in Chinese patients with moderate-to-severe AR. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03599791, Registered June 29,2018, retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03599791

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The development and utilization of renewable energy, especially solar energy, is an important way to solve the problem that China’s rural conventional power grids cannot cover remote rural areas. It is also an inevitable requirement of China’s rural development strategy. This article explores the influencing factors of Chinese farmers’ vigorous promotion of the use of solar houses, studies relationships among perceived value, farmer’s attitude and willingness to convert traditional houses into solar houses. Using data collected by a questionnaire from 413 rural households in Chongqing, China, the results show that perceived value has a significant and positive effect on farmer’s attitude and willingness to convert traditional houses into solar houses. Most importantly, the results of this research show that farmers’ attitude partially mediates the effects of perceived value on willingness to convert. Finally, the study also proposes relevant suggestions for policy makers, marketing managers and further research.