Objectives: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening metabolic disorder in which its complications can be avoidable. The purpose of this study is to identify and measure the level of knowledge and awareness of caregivers about the symptoms of DKA in children in Riyadh city. Setting and Participants: This cross-sectional study design was conducted in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia. A sample size of at least 412 was required. The total number of respondents that were included in the analysis was 414. The method of collection of data done by data collectors. Results: Two hundred and sixty-eight (64.7%) of the participants reported that they know about DKA, yet it was still a concerning figure since 35.3% did not know about it, which necessitating diabetes self-management education at national levels in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: This study showed that the majority of type-1 diabetic caregivers had knowledge and awareness regarding DKA in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Further studies would assess more factors to enhance the level of knowledge and awareness, and increase the effectiveness toward the right action and response regarding DKA.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune multisystem chronic disease where the body mistakenly fights itself with wide and variable clinical presentations that affect several organs in the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, and heart. The awareness of the clinical manifestation of SLE is necessary to prevent the delay in making a diagnosis. The present study aims to evaluate the level of awareness of SLE in pediatric patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire distributed among parents via an online platform. Questionnaire data were tabulated and coded in MS Excel, and all statistical analyses were carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: A total of 596 parents were enrolled. The most common age group was 44-52, with females dominating males (78.2% vs. 21.8%). SLE awareness among parents was found to be poor (78.7%). Poor awareness level was prevalent in women than men. Still, the greater awareness was more common among highly educated parents, among those with disease-oriented through online, and those who received disease information from their friends or relatives. Conclusion: SLE awareness among parents in this study was unsatisfactory. To conclude, healthcare providers should provide more education to parents regarding the management and treatment of SLE in pediatric age groups.

Objectives: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening metabolic disorder in which complications can be avoidable. The purpose of this study is to describe the knowledge of the Saudi caregivers for diabetic children about Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus, its signs and symptoms and prevention and its complications in children under their care. Setting and Participants: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study design was conducted in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia. A sample size of at least 412 was required. The total number of respondents that were included in the analysis was 414. The method of collection of data was done by data collectors. Results: 399 caregivers participated in this study, most of whom were Saudi (376; 94.2%), and gained a university degree (300; 75.2%). The most commonly cited symptom of DM in children was raised blood sugar (225; 56.4%), while the most cited common cause was malnutrition (223; 55.9%), and the most commonly cited manifestation of diabetes was frequent urination (354; 88.7%). Conclusion: This study showed that most type-1 diabetic caregivers had knowledge and awareness regarding DKA in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. However, some gaps exist. Further studies would assess more factors to enhance the level of knowledge and awareness, and increase the effectiveness toward the right action and response regarding DKA. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, DKA, Children, Caregivers, Emergency, Saudi Arabia

In this work, we present and explore the characteristics of a plasmonic metamaterial absorber based on a metal–insulator–metal functional stack. The proposed structure consists of glass “sandwiched” between a silver reflector and a titanium metallic disc, embedded inside a Ti periodic nano-hole array, as an outside layer. In the visible and infrared regimes, the optical absorption spectra of such structures have been investigated using the finite difference time domain method. The impact of modifying nano-hole and embedded disc diameters on the absorber’s performance has been investigated. Changing these two distinct structural parameters tunes the coupling effect between the localized and propagating surface plasmons. The adequate bandwidth, average spectral absorption rate, and short circuit current density are calculated to determine the performance of the designated absorber. The proposed structure of the plasmonic metamaterial absorber reaches an average absorption of over 94% in a bandwidth of 0.81 µm and near-perfect absorption of 98% around the wavelength of 0.7 µm, with an almost 100% relative absorption bandwidth and 41 mA/cm2 short circuit current density. In addition, the results show that the disc-in-hole absorber’s structural parameters can be changed precisely and facilely to tailor to the absorption spectra.