Recent research that relates parenting with adolescent adjustment has shown the importance of considering the cultural context of the relationship. New results are emerging when considering the classical four-typologies model of parental socialization in some European and South-American countries. Among the instruments used in this emergent research is the Parental Socialization Scale ESPA29. This scale is a bi-dimensional parenting instrument that was specifically developed to measure the four parenting typologies, through the dimensions of acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition. This study examines the good fit of the orthogonal bi-factor model based on the ESPA29 versus one-dimensional and bi-dimensional oblique alternative models, with three adolescent samples from 12 to 17 years old (53.4% girls), from Spain (N = 826), Portugal (N = 752), and Brazil (N = 628). We applied structural equation models (SEMs) to analyze the fit of the models to the data. The results confirm a better fit to the data for the orthogonal bi-factor model versus one-dimensional and bi-dimensional oblique alternative models across country, adolescent sex, and the three age groups. Additionally, the convergent validity of the scale was proved by showing the relation of the two parenting dimensions with self-concept. The results guarantee the adequacy of the ESPA29 to measure parenting styles.

The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and internalization of social values in three countries, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. The sample of the study was comprised of 2091 adolescents from Spain (n = 793), Portugal (n = 675), and Brazil (n = 623) from 12–18 years old (52.1% females). The four types of parenting styles, authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and neglectful, were measured through the warmth and strictness dimensions of the Scale of Parental Socialization ESPA29. The two criteria variables were captured with the five dimensions of the AF5, Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire, and with self-transcendence and conservation Schwartz values. Results confirm emergent research in parenting socialization: the use of parental warmth is evidenced as key for adolescent self-esteem and internalization of social values in the three countries analyzed. Indulgent and authoritative parenting (both characterized by parental warmth) are associated with the highest value internalization in the three countries. Furthermore, indulgent parenting (use of warmth) is associated with the highest adolescent self-esteem, overcoming authoritative parenting (use of warmth and strictness). The influence of parenting over adolescent self-esteem and values internalization is maintained independent of the differences in self-esteem and value priorities observed in the cultural context, the sex and age of the participants.

This study analyzes the relationships between parenting styles and adolescent's psychosocial adjustment (self-esteem) in the Portuguese culture. The sample was of 517 adolescents, 214 males (41.39%), and aged 11 to 18 years. The Parental Socialization Scale (ESPA29) was applied to measure parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful), and the Multidimensional SelfEsteem Scale (AF5) to measure five dimensions of self-esteem: Academic, social, emotional, family and physics. Results from this study indicate that adolescents from indulgent families scored equal to or even better than those from authoritative families in some indicators of psychosocial adjustment. These results suggest that authoritative parenting is not associated with optimum self-esteem in Portugal. The study refers to the need for further research, taking account new contexts and cultures.Keywords: Parenting styles, parental warmth, parental strictness, self-esteem. ResumenEste estudio analiza las relaciones entre los estilos parentales y el ajuste psicosocial (autoestima) en la adolescencia dentro del contexto portugués. La muestra estuvo formada por 517 adolescentes, 214 varones (41,39%), con edades entre los 11 y los 18 años. Se usó la Escala de Socialización Parental (ESPA29) para determinar los estilos parentales (autorizativo, autoritario, indulgente y negligente), y la Escala de Autoestima Multidimensional (AF5) que mide cinco dimensiones de la autoestima: acadé-mica, social, emocional, familiar y física. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que los adolescentes de familias indulgentes puntuaron igual o incluso mejor que los de familias autorizativas en algunos indicadores del ajuste psicosocial. Estos resultados sugieren que la parentalidad autorizativa no está asociada con una mayor autoestima en el contexto portugués. El estudio refiere la necesidad de mayor investigación, teniendo en cuenta nuevos contextos y culturas.

A promoção da saúde do binômio mãe e filho durante o processo de amamentação: revisão integrativa Health promotion of mom and son binomy during the breastfeeding process: integrative review