This research experimentally and numerically investigates the possibility of recycling some low cost construction and industrial waste landfills materials as potential backfills in horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHE). The aim of this study was to compare the temperature distribution development in different backfill materials with respect to time. The tested materials include sand, crushed basalt, broken brick, crushed concrete, and metallic by-products including copper slag, aluminium slag, mill-scale and iron ores (fine and pellets). Initial thermal testing on these materials in an environmental climatic chamber indicated concrete and crushed brick had similar performance to sand, whereas metallic materials had better performance by up to 77% improvement compared to sand. Various percentages of the backfill material (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) blended with the remaining percentage of sand showed that the higher the percentage addition of the waste material, the better the heat storage of the enhanced sand. Particle size distribution was also a significant parameter in backfill selection, where medium sized particle sizes (1.18-2 mm) performed 92% better compared to course and fine gradations of the same material. An experimental setup of a HGHE system was then constructed and filled with the best performing backfill materials to determine the heat storage and release processes on the thermal performance of the system. The paper also reports results from a transient three-dimensional finite volume model developed in ANSYS Fluent 17.2 computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software of a thin section of a HGHE. The experimental and numerical model were used to predict and analyse the temperature distribution developing within the surrounding backfill material with respect to charging (heating) and discharging (extracting heat) modes of the HGHE. Results obtained from both experimental and numerical studies show the temperature range and duration of hot water produced from the system were in line with low temperature space heating guidelines and that mill-scale, copper slag and aluminium slag were the best backfill materials, where the thermal capacity of the HGHE system can be doubled using these materials, compared to the use of sand alone. Congruence between the numerical simulations and experimental data was found.

This paper presents an experimental study of a solar assisted horizontal ground heat exchanger system (HGHEs) operating as a daily heat storage unit. Initially, several soils were assessed as sensible heat storage mediums, with sand and gravel selected as the most appropriate. Then, a HGHEs was designed and connected to a 15m 2 test room with a heating load of 1kW at Nottingham Trent University. Heating cables, simulating solar input, were used to heat the soil in the HGHEs to 70℃, then a heat transfer fluid (HTF), was circulated through a closed loop heat exchanger to extract the stored heat. The parameters of soil backfill and HTF mass flow rate were investigated in the HGHEs. Several output flowrates ranging between 0.1 to 0.6L/min were tested, producing discharge times varying between a few hours to a few days. The HTF mass flowrate was found to be the most significant parameter, affecting the HGHEs thermal capacity and heat exchange rates. The sand filled HGHE produced approximately 50% more hot water (T>35℃) during a longer duration achieving an efficiency of 78% compared to the gravel filled HGHE with a lower system efficiency of 58%. Insulating the HGHE system was found to reduce heat losses and avoid temperature fluctuations in the HGHEs. Overall, the results show the hot water quantity, temperature range and duration produced from the system were in line with low temperature district heating guidelines and can be applied to some household heating applications incorporating low flows and low temperatures.