Objective: To study the linked result of a complete course of antenatal corticosteroids (ANS) on mortality and short-term morbidity rates among preterm infants in our population. Study design: This single-center retrospective study included the infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation and admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020. The following data of gestational age, birth weight, sex, the etiology of labor, type of delivery, need for intubation in delivery room, APGAR scores (1st and 5th min), the rates of respiratuvary distress syndrome (RDS), surfactant administration, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) were collected from medical records. Results: The study included 210 infants with a median gestational age of 28.6 weeks (24-31.6), a birth weight of 1065 g (445-2165) and with an ANS use rate of 80%. The mortality rate was lower (p=0.001) with a longer hospital stay (p=0.029), but the rate of BPD was higher (p=0.014) in male infants who received ANS than who did not. According to sex distribution, there was a significant decrease in mortality rate in male infants compared with female ones in ANS received group (11% vs. 23%, p=0.038) with a higher BPD rate (p=0.005). Conclusion: ANS is related with less mortality in male infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation. Further research is currently needed to evaluate advantage of antenatal steroids in different populations.

BackgroundToilet training is a significant developmental milestone for children. During the process of toilet training, voiding and defecation problems may develop, which have a major adverse impact on the child's quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to assess voiding and defecation problems in the process of toilet training and evaluate how these issues influenced the children's QoL.MethodsThe children included in the study were followed up at the Department of Social Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine. Participants were surveyed via a questionnaire that included sociodemographic features, the toilet training process, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.ResultsThe study included 177 children and their parents. There was no correlation between the parents' age, sociodemographic features, or the timing of the start of toilet training. Voiding problems were found in 55.6% and defecation problems in 23.6% of the children included in the study. Urinary retention during play and nocturnal enuresis were more frequent in the children toilet trained at 25–36 months of age. The self‐reported QoL scores in children with voiding problems and with both voiding and defecation problems were lower than those in children did not have any problems.ConclusionsEven if a child has been toilet trained, it is essential to investigate daily urination and defecation habits at every follow‐up visit and to discuss with families when a physician should be consulted.

ObjectiveNon-invasive respiratory support strategies are known to reduce the complications of invasive mechanical ventilation in preterm infants. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) are commonly used ones. The recent meta-analyses indicated that early NIPPV did appear to be superior to NCPAP for decreasing respiratory failure and the need for intubation among preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The aim of the study was to compare the short-term outcomes of extremely preterm infants who received NCPAP or NIPPV as an initial treatment of RDS.MethodsThis retrospective study included infants born before 29 weeks' gestation between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2021 who received non-invasive respiratory support with NCPAP or NIPPV. For every infant included in the cohort, only the first episode of NCPAP or NIPPV as initial treatment was evaluated. The primary outcome was the need for intubation within 72 h, and the secondary outcomes were the need for intubation within 7 days, administration of surfactant, prematurity-related morbidities, mortality, and death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).ResultsDuring the study period, there were 116 inborn admissions of preterm infants born <29 weeks' gestation and 60 of them met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 31 (52%) infants received NCPAP while 29 (48%) infants received NIPPV at the first hours after birth. There were no differences in the baseline demographics between the groups (p > 0.05). Blood gas parameters (pH, pCO2, HCO3, and lactate) at admission were not different. The need for intubation within 72 h as the primary outcome was similar between NCPAP and NIPPV groups (35.5 vs. 34.5%, p = 0.935). The rates of surfactant requirement, need for intubation within 7 days, prematurity-related morbidities, mortality, and death/BPD were similar among the groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionNasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation is non-inferior to NCPAP as an initial treatment in extremely preterm infants with RDS. Although the rate of intubation in the first week, mortality, and BPD did not differ between groups, additional studies are needed and the synchronization of NIPPV should be evaluated.

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We aimed to compare the definitions of National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) for determining the incidences, and predicting late death and respiratory outcome. This retrospective cohort study included infants born at<32 weeks’ gestation who survived up to 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age (PMA). Infants were classified as having BPD or no BPD per thedefinitions of NICHD 2001 and 2018. The incidences of BPD were 49 and 32% according to the 2001 and 2018 NICHD definitions. Gestational age, birth weight and intubation after birth were associated with BPD by both definitions. The NICHD 2018 definition displayed similar sensitivity (100%) and negative predictive value (100%), and higher specificity (70 vs. 52%) for predicting death after 36 weeks’ PMA; a higher specificity (72 vs. 53%), comparable negative predictive value (77 vs.76%), but lower sensitivity for predicting adverse respiratory outcome within 12 months corrected age compared with the NICHD 2001 definition. The NICHD 2018 definition is as powerful as the 2001 definition for predicting late death and seems to be a better indicator for long-term respiratory outcome. The use of supplemental oxygen or oxygen plus respiratory support should be considered while predicting both late death and long-term respiratory outcome.