River flooding has become a serious disruption for community which lives in downstream area of a watershed. Comal Watershed is annually experience river flooding caused by Comal River. Therefore, it is necessary to proper mitigation planning. This study organized the arrangement of river flooding non-structural mitigation planning. Qualitative approach was used in this study; not to mention the research design utilzed literature study and field survey. Literature study was used for finding out the river flood events record and affected area in downdstream area of Comal Watershed. Meanwhile, field survey was conducted to overview the socio-cultural condition of the community which live in it. The results indicated that river flooding non-structural mitigation planning area in downdstream area of Comal Watershed consisted of spatial planning in harmony with landuse management of Comal Watershed, detection and prediction of the Comal River discharge conditions through recording and observing hydrometeorological data, management planning of riparian zone, Disaster literacy toward schools and community, community communication system improvement, local wisdom enhancement, evacuation route arrangement, early warning system utilization, disaster simulation and reforestation. Mitigation planning is not only the responsibility of the government, but requires awareness and cooperation from the community.

A study was conducted to explore the plant biodiversity and vegetation structure of Biha Valley, District Swat, Pakistan. On the basis of the physiognomy of the vegetation the study area was divided into 19 stands. Line transect (50 m) method was used to sample the phytosociological attributes of the study area. PCORD software (version 5) was used to recognize communities by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and CANOCO software (version 5) for ordination analysis was done for detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to find variation directories of different plant species. Different life-form classes and leaf size spectra were recorded according to the Raunkiaer classification. The floristic composition of the area consists of 203 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 70 families. The biological spectrum of the area indicated that Therophytes was dominant with 46.60% among the life-classes, followed by Hemicryptophytes having 15.53%. Leaf spectra of study area revealed that Microphylls was dominant (41.26%) followed by Nanophylls (32.04%). Seven plant communities were recognized by TWINSPAN classification, which showed that species diversity decreased with altitude. Moreover, the result indicates the importance of soil organic matter in top soil layers for plant species distribution. The increases in soil nutrients (OM, P, N, and K), improvement in site conditions (community cover, depth of litter, depth of humus, soil water content) and decrease in soil bulk density indicated the natural habitat restoration following abandonment.

<p>The rapid development of Balikpapan City has an impact on the increasingly high demand for land for urban expansion needs. The expansion of Balikpapan City is more directed towards coastal areas which are dominated by mangrove forests. This study discusses the destruction of the mangrove forest and its causal factors and how conservation efforts are being carried out to maintain sustainability. Mangrove forest damage data obtained through surveys and image analysis using NDVI. While the factors causing the damage to mangrove forests were obtained from observations and interviews with the mangrove center manager of Balikpapan. The results showed that there were many mangrove forests that had rare or already damaged that were spread in the West Balikpapan, North Balikpapan, and East Balikpapan Sub-district. This damage is caused by natural and non-natural factors. Natural factors that cause damage to mangrove forests are pests and sedimentation. The non-natural factors are due to the pollution and the opening of fish ponds. Preservation efforts are carried out by replanting mangroves which are only carried out by the mangrove center and some CSR and environmentalists and do not involve the community at large. These Conditions make the mangrove forest in Balikpapan City threatened its sustainability.</p>

Kecamatan samarinda utara merupakan salah satu kecamatan yang paling sering terkena dampak banjir baik karena banjir luapan sungai Karangmumus maupun setelah hujan lebat. Kondisi seringkali mempengaruhi kehidupan masyrakat samarinda utara sehari-hari. Fokus dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh dampak bencana banjir terhadap perekonomian masyrakat di Kecamatan Samarinda Utara. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi pada saat dan setelah banjir, dan juga wawancara kepada masyarakat yang terdampak banjir. Analisis data menggunakan trianggulasi data dari hasil observasi, wawancara dan data-data dari dinas terkait. Dampak banjir dari segi ekonomi dapat dilihat rusaknya rumah dan perkakasnya, tanaman pertanian, serta hilangnya hewan ternak. Selain itu banjir juga membuat terganggunya aktivitas perekonomian penduduk karena hilangnya akses penduduk karena terendamnya jalan utama maupun alternatif. Dampak terhadap perekonomian terbesar adalah dari akibat banjir Sungai Karangmumus yang lama waktu banjir bisa mencapai 1 minggu. Sedangkan dampak banjir akibat luapan drainase saat hujan lebat berdampak pada terganggunya akses maupun terendamnya permukiman dan fasilitas-fasilitas perekonomian masyarakat yang hanya beberapa jam saja. Kondisi inilah yang membuat terganggunya aktivitas perekonomian masyarakat Samarinda Utara akibat seringnya banjir baik karena hujan lebat maupun sungai Karangmumus.

Model project based learning merupakan model pembelajaran yang menggunakan proyek sebagai metode pembelajaran. Peserta didik melakukan eksplorasi, penilaian, interpretasi, sintesis, dan informasi untuk menghasilkan berbagai bentuk hasil belajar.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan  model project based learning (PJBL) dan mengetahui pengaruh  yang signifikan dalam terhadap hasil belajar siswa di kelas X SMA Negeri 11 Samarinda. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen, dengan bentuk pre-eksperimental design dengan jenis one group pretest-posttest design. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 36 siswa. Alat pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah lembar observasi, dokumentasi dan tes. Berdasarkan hasil pengolaan data menunjukan bahwa rata-rata hasil belajar posttest siswa sebesar 77.14. Hasil Uji N-Gain dengan gain score 0.433, yang hal ini menunjukkan peningkatan hasil belajar dengan kategori sedang (0.3≤g≥0.7). Hal ini berarti model project based learning memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap terhadap hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran geografi di kelas X SMA Negeri 11 Samarinda.