Diarrhea can be defined as "passing of a liquid stool more than three times within 24 hours", it is a major cause of infantile deaths in underdeveloped world in young children<5 years. According to WHO report a child dies every minute due to diarrhea. In this study 1465 stool samples of acute watery diarrhea were analyzed. Demographic data analysis showed male to female ratio of 55.2%, 44.8%. All lactose fermenting bacterial colonies were processed for the identification of bacterial pathogenic E. coli and verified biochemically, were also serotyped by commercially available strain specific antiserum. All genotypes of importance were confirmed by advanced molecular techniques like PCR and RT-PCR. E. coli (uidA), EPEC virulent genes eae and bfpA and ETEC virulent gene It and st, EIEC virulence gene inv and stx1, EHEC virulent gene stx2, EAEC virulent gene east-1and east were investigated. Among E. coli, isolates, EPEC (48.6%) was found to be most dominant diarrheal pathogen followed by ETEC (24.3 %), EAEC (21.6 %), EIEC (5.4%) and EHEC (0.0%). Use of advanced molecular techniques like PCR is necessary to detect pathogenic E. coli is highlighted from clinical samples.

No abstract

No abstract

This study was designed to investigate the prevailing status of Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite causing urogenital tract infections in human beings, in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. As no documented study of this kind has been conducted so far, it was designed to obtain the overall prevalence of T.vaginalis infection. Through conventional wet mount technique, its morphological identification by staining techniques and with PCR confirmation. In addition to investigation of age-wise and gender-wise prevalence of T.v, its correlation with reproductive disorders was also investigated through a questionnaire proforma while taking urine samples. For this purpose six hundred (600) urine samples (300 samples from each gender) were collected from the public sector hospitals located in Quetta city. The study was designed in three age groups as G1: 21-30, G2: 31-40, and G3: 41-50 years of each gender. A total of four samples were found positive microscopically only in female patients, whereas three of these positive samples were confirmed as T. vaginalis by PCR using BTUB9/2 set of primers. The fourth positive sample might be the specie other than T.vaginalis. It is concluded that the overall prevalence of T.v amongst females was observed as 0.1%, while the samples from males were found negative for T.v. so the overall percentage in total samples found as 0.5%.

The impact of nosocomial infections (NIs) is an important public health concern due to emergence of new MDR strains of pathogens and approximately 5 to 10% of hospitalized patients are affected by NIs. 90,000 deaths per year in United States only warrant investigation. This study was a hospital based cross sectional study to determine the ESBL producing MDR nosocomial infection and their control from Jun 1st2016 to Dec31st 2017. 500 patients were investigated all demographic data was collected from patients with a history of hospital admission for ≥ 2 days. In this study out of total 500 patients, (62%) patients were female and (38%) were males, 19% isolates were E.coli and 18% were K.pneumonae all were MDR along with other pathogens .most of strains were showing 55%-85% resistance for more than one antibiotics. PCR studies show that SHV (32%) and TEM (18%) genes were found in ESBLs producing organisms. Due to importance of ESBL producing organisms and difficult treatment of infections caused by these bacteria rapid identification of ESBL producing strains should be adopted in enterobacteraciae, infection control strategies are recommended to adopt and warrant investigation.