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Yaghooti grape of Sistan is the earliest ripening grape in Iran, harvested every May annually. It is adapted to dry conditions in Sistan region and its water requirement is less than the other grape cultivars. The transcriptional complexity of this grape was studied in three stages of cluster development. Totally, 24121 genes were expressed in different cluster development steps (step 1: cluster formation, step 2: berry formation, step 3: final size of cluster) of which 3040 genes in the first stage, 2381 genes in the second stage and 2400 genes in the third stage showed a significant increase in expression. GO analysis showed that when the clusters are ripening, the activity of the nucleus, cytoplasmic, cytosol, membrane and chloroplast genes in the cluster architecture cells decreases. In contrast, the activity of the endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole and extracellular region genes enhances. When Yaghooti grape is growing and developing, some of metabolic pathways were activated in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Gene co-expression network reconstruction showed that AGAMOUS is a key gene in compactness of Sistan grape cluster, because it influences on expression of GA gene which leads to increase cluster length and berries size.

Background: Peptidoglycan (Murein), which consists of disaccharide and amino acid chain subunits, has a key role in bacterial survival and ranks first in the line defense system against drug therapy. In addition, the transpeptidase enzyme plays an important role in cross-linking in bacterial cell walls. In Escherichia coli bacteria, cross-linking happens by proteins that have a D-D transpeptidase role and bond two amino acids of D-alanine together. These proteins are characterized by their affinity for and binding of penicillin thus they are called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It should be noted that this bonding formation is prevented by the beta-lactam family as they have a similar structure to the above-mentioned proteins. The product of the idtD gene by characteristics such as L-D transpeptidase can catalyze the peptidoglycan structure in the bacterial cell wall in the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. Methods: In this study, around 426 interactions were identified between genes and approximately 20 genes with a key role in the process of bacterial cell wall synthesis by the reconstruction of 44 genes involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Results: The idtD gene locus at the reconstructed network clearly shows that its catalytic activity is the side activity, and there won't be a lag or disturbance in the procedure cell wall synthesis by removing it from the cycle. However, this side process causes the strengthening of the bacterial cell wall synthesis process against disorders arising by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. Conclusions: These five genes in E. coli that furnish L-D transpeptidase properties include IdtA, IdtC, IdtD, IdtE, and mrdA out of which, IdtD is the most important gene in this process.

Introduction: The top 3 causes of death worldwide include heart disease, injury, and cancer; and cancer records the 2nd place as the leading cause of death in the United States of America after cardiovascular diseases and injuries. Cancer can begin and progress in a very highly twisted and complex pattern and follow the multifactorial route. There is only very few research on medicinal properties Oliveria decumbens rare and valuable plant specially on cancer. So, in this study we tried to cover all needs for future in vivo research. Methods: MTT assay has been performed to estimate the cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract of the plant. Its free radical capacity evaluation was done by DPPH assay. Furthermore, real-time PCR, the wound-healing assay along with a DNA damage test to study DNA fragmentation characteristics. The plants transcriptomic study was performed by NGS de Novo assembly. Result: Oliveria decumbens ethanolic extract showed an Ic50 of 14.39 mu g/ml. The real-time PCR showed that Oliveria decumbens ethanolic extract significantly induced apoptosis by upregulating the bax gene and slight downregulation of bcl2 an anti-apoptosis gene. The NGS de Novo transcriptome analysis discovered 38 genes responsible for secondary metabolite synthesis so far. The remaining genes and reconstruction of the co-expression network of the transcriptome are underway. Conclusion: The outcome of the Scratch-test and DNA fragmentation confirmed the anti-metastatic and DNA damage properties respectively. Based on these findings; Oliveria decumbens ethanolic extract shall be considered as potential anticancer and chemotherapeutic agents which may elucidate in upcoming studies.

BackgroundLet's begin with the history of the invention of the microscope. Similar to the other inventions, there are disputes about who first invented the microscope. It dates back to the first century when the glass was first invented by the Roman (1). They were working on glass uses and how to observe an object through the glass and enlarge the object by viewing through the glass. Then, Italian Salvino D'Armate was the first person to create eye gear in the 13th century, which provided the individual with magnification to one eye. The earliest very simple form of magnification glass had the power of 6x to 10x and usually used to inspect small insects or a small part of the plants. Later on, two glassmakers from the Netherlands, Zacharias Jansen, and his father started to work and experiment with larger lenses during the 1590s, (1). They lay several lenses in a tube-like structure and made a huge discovery. The sample object near the tube appeared extremely larger than a single lens would do. The power of this device was only around 9x and the images were blurry and not clear. In fact, Jansen's microscope failed to survive with its low magnification power and blurry image and it was a novelty invention compared to the microscope. Dutch scientist and draper, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was one of the main individuals or maybe the first one to make a real microscope in the late 17th century (2). Van Leeuwenhoek nailed greater achievement than his rivals by making a superlens after 550 failed attempts. His last lens was a huge success and had a magnifying power of 270x where his rivals had a maximum of 50x. Moreover, Van Leeuwenhoek made lots of biological discoveries by using this microscope. First, he observed bacteria, yeast, a stream of life in a drop of water, and even blood circulation in capillaries (2). He wrote and sent over a hundred letters to the Royal Society of England and French Academy and reported his findings which included living and non-living