Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C nano-powders were successfully synthesized at 500°C through the pulse jet spray pyrolysis with use of a citric acid aqueous solution. As-prepared Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C nano-particles had spherical and irregular shapes with an average size of 50 nm. Asprepared Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C nano-particles had a spinel phase with high crystallinity and a homogeneous chemical composition. The carbon content was 10 wt % in the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 nano-powders. A 2032 type coin cell was used to examine electrochemical properties of the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C anode. The discharge capacity of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C anode exhibited 170 at 1 C and 120 mAh·g ¹1 at 20 C, respectively. The discharge capacity of the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C anode maintained 96% of the initial discharge capacity after 500th cycle at 10 C and room temperature. The discharge capacity of the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C anode exhibited 160 mAh·g ¹1 at 10 C and 50°C and maintained 98% of the initial discharge capacity after 100th cycle.

A large-scale spray pyrolysis apparatus in which the mist is pyrolyzed by a flame using a gas burner was developed for the mass production of Ag powder. Forty ultrasonic vibrators with a frequency of 1.6 MHz generated 4 dm 3 /h of mist. The thermal stability of the ultrasonic vibrators was improved using water-cooling. Spherical Ag powder was continuously produced, and the yield of the powders remained above 95% over 60 hours of continuous production with starting solution concentrations of up to 1.5 mol/dm 3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the particles were sub-micrometer in size with a dense microstructure, and they did not aggregate. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the as-prepared Ag powder exhibited high crystallinity. The particle size of the Ag powder was approximately in agreement with the predicted size, calculated under the assumption that one Ag particle was formed from one droplet of mist. Moreover, 7 kg of Ag powder was produced over 12 h at 1.5 mol/dm 3. This apparatus exhibited good reliability for the continuous mass production of Ag powder.

A large-scale spray pyrolysis apparatus in which the mist is pyrolyzed by a ame using a gas burner was developed for the mass production of Ag powder. Forty ultrasonic vibrators with a frequency of 1.6 MHz generated 4 dm 3 /h of mist. The thermal stability of the ultrasonic vibrators was improved using water-cooling. Spherical Ag powder was continuously produced, and the yield of the powders remained above 95% over 60 hours of continuous production with starting solution concentrations of up to 1.5 mol/dm 3 . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the particles were sub-micrometer in size with a dense microstructure, and they did not aggregate. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the as-prepared Ag powder exhibited high crystallinity. The particle size of the Ag powder was approximately in agreement with the predicted size, calculated under the assumption that one Ag particle was formed from one droplet of mist. Moreover, 7 kg of Ag powder was produced over 12 h at 1.5 mol/dm 3 . This apparatus exhibited good reliability for the continuous mass production of Ag powder.