The p-type semiconductor cuprous oxide ͑Cu 2 O͒ film has been of considerable interest as a component of solar cells and photodiodes due to its bandgap energy of 2.1 eV and high optical absorption coefficient. We prepared Cu 2 O films on a conductive substrate by electrodeposition at 318 K from an aqueous solution containing copper sulfate and lactic acid. The structural and electrical characterizations of the resulting films were examined by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption measurements, and the Hall effect measurement, respectively. The resistivity varied from 2.7 ϫ 10 4 to 3.3 ϫ 10 6 ⍀ cm, while the carrier density was from 10 12 to 10 14 cm −3 and the mobility from 0.4 to 1.8 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , depending on the preparation conditions, i.e., solution pH and deposition potential. The carrier density was sensitive to the atomic ratio of Cu to O in the films and the mobility to the grain size.

The dehydration behavior of caesium dihydrogen phosphate CsH 2 PO 4 was investigated in the temperature range of 230 uC to 260 uC under high humidity, conditions of particular relevance to the operation of fuel cells based on this electrolyte. The onset temperature of dehydration was determined from changes in ionic conductivity on heating and confirmed by weight change measurements under isothermal conditions. The relationship between the onset temperature of dehydration (T dehy ) and water partial pressure (p H 2 O ) was determined to be log(p H 2 O /atm = 6.11(¡0.82) 2 3.63(¡0.42) 6 1000/(T dehy /K), from which the thermodynamic parameters of the dehydration reaction from CsH 2 PO 4 to CsPO 3 were evaluated. The dehydration pathway was then probed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis of the product phases and by thermogravimetric analysis under slow heating. It was found that, although the equilibrium dehydration product is solid caesium metaphosphate CsPO 3 , the reaction occurs via two overlapping steps: CsH 2 PO 4 A Cs 2 H 2 P 2 O 7 A CsPO 3 , with solid caesium hydrogen pyrophosphate, Cs 2 H 2 P 2 O 7 , appearing as a kinetically favored, transient phase.

The effects of various cations ( Mg2+ , In3+ , Yb3+ , Tm3+ , Er3+ , Ho3+ , Gd3+ , Nd3+ , La3+ , Bi3+ , and Ga3+ ) were examined as dopants into the B site of perovskite barium zirconate. The solubility of In, Yb, Tm, Er, and Ho, whose ionic radii are close to that of zirconium ion, into the B site is more than 0.075 (normalXMO1.5=0.075) at 1600°C . In contrast, when there is a large difference of ionic radii between trivalent cations ( Nd3+ , La3+ , Bi3+ , and Ga3+ ) and zirconium ion, the solubility of trivalent cations into barium zirconate is less than normalXMO1.5=0.075 . The microstructure of sintered pellets and their conductivity in wet atmosphere were investigated. We could divide dopants into two classes based on the extent of proton conductivity and microstructure: “Y-type” and “Sc-type” dopants. Yb, Ho, Er, and Tm belong to Y-type dopants, which have a microstructural mixture of coarse and fine grains and higher proton conductivity. In belongs to Sc-type dopants, which have well-grown grains and lower proton conductivity.

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We identified CDCP1 as a potential prognostic marker for conventional RCC. Further studies might be required to confirm the prognostic value of CDCP1 and to understand its function in RCC progression.