This paper considers problems in calculating the heat island magnitude of coastal cities. We examined the influence on heat island magnitude (1) when a rural observatory located in an inland area is compared with an urban observatory and (2) when an observatory in an atypical countryside setting is chosen as the rural site. The results showed that the urban-rural temperature difference was bigger in winter than in summer when the rural observatory was located in a relatively inland area in comparison with the corresponding urban observatory. This tendency was more marked at night than in the daytime. When an observatory in an atypical rural setting was used, the urban-rural temperature difference was greater from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight in summer. Therefore, only observatories located in typical rural areas and located roughly the same distance from the sea as the corresponding urban observatories should be selected for investigation of urban heat island magnitude.

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Abstract:This paper demonstrates the relation

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We fabricated a 648 pixel, two-dimensional spatial light modulator (SLM) with a transmittance of more than 85% in the wavelength region from 260 to 1,100 nm. The phase modulation characteristics of the liquid-crystal SLM were clarified. Furthermore, the SLM enabled us to compensate for chirp of 270 fs UV pulses and chirp of 120 fs near-IR pulses so that the former and latter pulse durations, respectively, were shortened to 35 and 25 fs. This suggests that the SLM can be utilized, in the UV to near-IR region, for the generation of monocycle optical pulses, pulse shaping, and other applications.