By using the second harmonic generation (SHG) microscope, which we have recently developed, two-dimensional images of ferroelectric domain structure were successfully obtained by exploiting the inhomogeneous distribution of the quadratic nonlinear optical constant in specimens. 90° domain structure of BaTiO3 was observed with intensity contrast of the second harmonic wave. A periodically inverted antiparallel domain in LiTaO3 was also observed. This fact indicates that the SHG microscope provides a new method of observing antiparallel ferroelectric domain structure in a nondestructive way, which is especially important for characterizing the quasiphase matched devices for compact blue light lasers.

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Subjective perceptions about a product affect consumer choice. Accordingly, acquiring the underlying demand characteristics that consumers find desirable is vital for firms planning future marketing strategies. However, the extent to which product-specific perceptions affect consumer choice is poorly understood. New agricultural standards for organic livestock were introduced in Japan in November 2005 and are expected to influence the market significantly. Choice modeling (CM) is used to explore how consumers evaluate the latent demands and conventional attributes (or tangible values) of organic milk. The results suggest that latent demands, along with socioeconomic characteristics and conventional attributes, provide strong incentives for consumers to move from the purchase of conventional milk to organic milk. The analysis indicates that latent demands reflecting the safeness of organic milk, the better taste of organic milk, the image of environmental friendliness in the production process, and the image of the health and comfort of the cows are important factors that influence consumers' purchasing decisions. However, each specific factor has a corresponding conventional tangible attribute that needs to be targeted in marketing strategy. Copyright (c) 2008 International Association of Agricultural Economists.

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This paper outlines package stacking process guidelines for a Package-on-Package (PoP) configuration. PoP stacks currently in production or development consist of a bottom package containing a high performance logic device designed to receive a mating top package typically containing high capacity or combination memory devices. System manufactures achieve lowest cost and maximum logistical benefits, when these two components are sourced from different IC device suppliers then stacked in the final board assembly flow. Thus, the package stacking process is a key technology in order for system manufacturers to be able to select the top and bottom components from various suppliers. This is because each package may have a different warpage trend from room temperature to reflow temperature.In this study, Sharp's Chip Scale Package (top CSP) was mounted on Amkor's bottom CSP to enable package stacking in order to know if packages from two suppliers can get a good solder joint after stacking. The top package is 152 balls CSP with 0.65mm pitch, and a 2-row format. The bottom CSP is 352 balls with 0.5mm pitch and a 4-row format. In both cases, the package size is 14mm x 14mm. Flux and solder paste provided by Senju Metal Industry were tested to stack the packages and mount them on test boards using a multifunctional placement machine manufactured by Panasonic Factory Solutions. While selecting the top package with minimum warpage, both at room and reflow temperature, we varied the warpage amount from 50 to 150 um for the bottom package by changing the die size and then investigating the solder joint. The result showed that even in the case where the bottom package had large warpage, the solder joint of the topto-bottom package was well formed by the fluxing process. However, we observed open solder joints between the bottom package and the test board when the conventional screen printing method was used. Prior to the board mounting, we applied the solder paste dipping process to the solder ball of the bottom package. This solder paste was newly developed to optimize rheology and powder size for package stacking. Using the solder paste dipping process, the solder joint yield was much improved even when the bottom package was warped. Using this solder paste dipping process for the top package, the same effect will be expected if the top package has a large warpage.