Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are being used as biocontrol agents against many soil borne insect pests in agriculture. Above-ground applications against the insects are usually unsuccessful due to the lack of humidity. Therefore, EPNs rapidly lose their effectiveness. In this study, conducted in 2018 under laboratory conditions in Bursa-Turkey, a new application method was developed for the use of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) HBH hybrid strain against the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). A new trap system is coated with hydrophilic cotton fabric to provide the necessary humidity to allow the use of EPNs above-ground. Three different application rates of H. bacteriophora (5000, 25000 and 50000 IJs) were applied to the trap system. The fabric was inoculated with the nematodes and combined with a reservoir containing 200 ml of ringer solution. The dead and live nematodes were recorded periodically to determine their persistence on the fabric. The mortality of L. migratoria were also recorded to determine the infectivity of H. bacteriophora. The infectivity and persistence of the nematodes was sustained for more than 4 weeks by this method.

Biyolojik mücadelede fungal uçucu organik bileşiklerin (FVOCs) rolüÖz: Tarımsal üretimde bakteri, fungus, virüs ve nematod gibi organizmalar verim ve kalite kaybına neden olur. Özellikle fungal patojenlerin kontrolü zordur. Bu patojenlerin kontrolünde kullanılan sentetik pestisitlerin çevre dostu olmaması, biyopestisit kullanımı gibi alternatif yöntemlerin önemini artırmaktadır. İnsan sağlığına ve çevreye göreceli olarak zararlı olmayan biyopestisitler genellikle bitkilerden, virüslerden, bakterilerden ve funguslardan elde edilen ikincil metabolitlerdir. Funguslar, çeşitli uçucu organik bileşiklerin (VOC'ler) karışımlarını üretir. Aldehitler, alkoller, benzen türevleri, fenoller, heterosikler, hidrokarbonlar, ketonlar, sikloheksanlar, tiyoesterler ve tiyoalkollere ait 300'den fazla farklı fungus VOC'si tanımlanmıştır. Fungal VOC'ler ile bitki patojenleri arasındaki etkileşim, kimyasal pestisitlere çevre dostu bir alternatif oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmalar, fungus uçucu organik bileşiklerin bitki patojenlerine ve böcek zararlılarına karşı önleyici veya kovucu yönleriyle biyopestisit olarak etkili bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu derlemede, biyolojik mücadele kapsamında kimyasal pestisitlere alternatif olarak farklı bitki hastalık ve zararlılarına karşı fungal uçucu organik bileşiklerin kullanılma olanakları özetlenmiştir.

Chemical insecticides used against cockroaches, which are an important urban pest and considered public health, are harmful to human health and cause insects to gain resistance. The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HBH, were used in place of chemical insecticides within the scope of biological control against the Turkestan cockroaches Blatta lateralis in this study. The hydrophilic fabric traps were set to provide the moist environment needed by the EPNs on aboveground. The fabrics inoculated with the nematodes at 50, 100 and 150 IJs/cm 2 were used throughout the 37-day experiment. The first treatment was performed by adding 10 adult cockroaches immediately after the establishment of the traps. In the same way, the second treatment was applied after 15 days and the third treatment after 30 days. The mortality rates of cockroaches after 4 and 7 days of exposure to EPNs were determined for all treatments. Although Turkestan cockroaches were exposed to HBH 30 days after the setting of the traps, infection occurred. As a result of this study, the above-ground persistence and infectivity of HBH could be achieved more than 4 weeks by using hydrophilic fabric. In addition, the mortality rates of the Turkestan cockroaches were found to increase depending on exposure time and the nematode dosage.

Control potentials of some entomopathogenic nematodes against Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) 1Asya kestanesi gal arısı, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)'ya karşı bazı entomopatojen nematodların mücadele potansiyelleri

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have different host-finding (foraging) behavior that varies from species to species. Besides their foraging behavior, the orientation of some EPNs can vary depending on plant roots. In the present study, the orientation of some Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) strains to perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L. (Poales: Poaceae) roots and greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae were investigated. For this purpose, three different strains of H. bacteriophora were used. One of them was a hybrid strain (HBH) and the two were parents (HB1138 and HB4) of the hybrid strain. Three experimental combinations were conducted in the study conducted in 2019 under laboratory conditions in Bursa, Turkey: (A) plant roots, larvae and control; (B) plant roots, control I and control II; and (C) mechanically damaged plant roots, control-I and control-II in Y-tube olfactometers filled with moist sand. The results indicated that for combination A, most orientation to plants and larvae was seen in HB1138; for combination B, most orientation to plant roots was was seen in HBH; and for combination C, strain HB4 showed the most orientation to mechanically damaged plant roots. According to the results, each strain of the same EPN species may have a different response to plant roots and host insects.