A large-scale growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod arrays on graphene sheets was fabricated by a hydrothermal technique, and the Fowler–Nordheim theory was used to build a model to describe the properties of the arrays’ field emission. The results indicated that the morphological characteristics of the ZnO nanorods grown on the graphene sheets can be easily tuned by varying the reaction time and concentrations of the reaction solution. The regular ordered ZnO nanorods arrays on the graphene sheets were obtained under the appropriate experimental conditions. Further, this composite cathode was demonstrated to possess excellent field emission properties due to the outstanding mechanical and electrical properties of graphene. The field emission current density of the composite cathode reached 1,448 μA cm–2 at the electric field of 16.5 V μm–1. The key parameter, field enhancement factor, reached 6,366, while the pure graphene cathode field is about 1,660. These specific nanorod arrays with enhancement of the field emission properties would be useful to sensor or modulator units for accessing networks.

Small signal model is the basis of stability analysis and control design of VSC-HVDC. In this paper, the small signal model of VSC-MTDC applies to Voltage Source Converters (VSC) in different conditions through theoretical analysis and derivation. The model of ac system can be widely used by choosing d-q synchronous reference frame flexible. Then according to voltage source converter (VSC) modulation principle, the converter model is revised through the coupling mechanism between ac and dc of converter. This article has constructed three kinds of improved small signal models applied to different conditions. By comparing of Electromagnetic transient simulation and the small-signal model simulation, the small-signal model has high accuracy.